The 1970s

1. The 1970s By: Mackenzie Doerksen, Nick Tancredi, Alex Abraham http://www.history.com/topics/1970s/videos#1970s

2. Target: Division of Americans over the Vietnam War • Pacifist protests and public displays of Vietnam through the media. • Military draft forced soldiers of lower class and other races to be sent to Vietnam. • Vietnam was not beneficial to the U.S. • Anti-war group called "Doves" thought this would lead to nuclear war. • There was no clear sign of victory for the opposing sides.

3. Target: What were the results and long-term consequences of the Vietnam War? • America finally withdraws from Vietnam. • North Vietnam and Viet Cong victory. • Communism takes over Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. • Rainbow Herbicides cause long term damage. • Learning experience for the U.S. • Over 60% casualties were under 21 years old.

4. Target: Foreign policy achievements and mistakes of Richard Nixon • Continues Vietnam War with 540,000 troops • Negative: strikes neutral Cambodia with bombings to show strength • Public outcry, college campuses erupt • Kent State, Jackson State College shootings Kent State Riots involve tear gas.

5. Target: Foreign policy achievements and mistakes of Richard Nixon • Mistake: eventual failure to eliminate Communism in Vietnam • Positive: US troops withdrawn after South Vietnamese army is trained • Controversial realpolitik; focusing on practical domestic interests rather than ideals in world Many US lives are tragically lost in Vietnam, war is lost.

6. Target: Foreign policy achievements and mistakes of Richard Nixon • Positive: US-China relationship tensions eased • Positive: SALT I talks with Soviet Union, Leonid Brezhnev limits number of nuclear missiles Nixon negotiating and signing SALT I treaty.

7. Target: How did the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and Watergate Scandal negatively affect the US? • Background of Watergate Scandal, Daniel Ellsberg reveals Pentagon Papers, truths of war not known to Americans • Nixon's adviser Henry Kissinger orders phones bugged • White House Special Operations Unit, "Plumbers," plans to bug phones in Democratic Watergate complex White House "Plumbers."

8. Target: How did the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and Watergate Scandal negatively affect the US? • After break-in, Nixon refuses to turn over White House tapes of phone conversations • Once tapes are released, long gaps in recordings prove editing • Vice president Spiro Agnew already convicted of tax evasion and bribery, Nixon faces impeachment so he opts to resign Nixon approval ratings drop drastically after scandal in May and June.

9. Target: How did the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and Watergate Scandal negatively affect the US? • President betrayal leaves public shocked and repelled against politics • Distrust of big governments, liberal reforms like those of Nixon - move to conservatism • Lower voting turnout, people perceive evil and corruption in politics Election poll data.

10. Target: How did the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and Watergate Scandal negatively affect the US? • Background, Middle East conflict of Palestine and issue of Zionism • US supports founding of Jewish Israel, Arab nations furious • Arab nations restrict oil shipments to US, other world powers

11. Target: How did the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and Watergate Scandal negatively affect the US? • Costs skyrocket with increasing demand and lower supply • Superpowers bid for oil shipments, prices continue to increase • As Americans realize serious dependence upon foreign oil, Alaskan Pipeline begins • Volatility of world markets, US sees weakness Stations experience gas shortages and restrictions, some must go out of business.

12. Target: How did the energy crisis and the Middle East pose challenges for President Jimmy Carter? Iranian Revolution • The Shah of Iran increases his power over Iran in the 1960s • The Plan Organization was created to control all economic issues • Riots begin in the late 1970s forcing the Shah of Iran to leave Iran, causing a change in power to occur US Hostage Crisis • 1979 the Shah of Iran entered the United States for medical care • Iranian troops were against The United States decision towards the Shah of Iran, causing them to take over the US Embassy • President Carter addressed Americans about the hostage crisis, deciding to end trade of oil with Iran for the time

13. Target: How did the energy crisis and the Middle East pose challenges for President Jimmy Carter? Energy Crisis • The importance of finding an alternative energy source was crucial for Americans • President Carter created the Department of Energy to enforce the need for Americans to switch to an alternative energy source • Oil shortage increased, domestic oil production slowed, gas prices rose, and interest rates lowered • A greater dependence was put into place on imported oil

14. Target: Why were the Equal Rights Amendment and affirmative action controversial topics? Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • A constitutional proposition that would outlaw discrimination based on gender • In 1923 Alice Paul, with support from the National Women's Party, proposed the ERA to Congress it failed to be passed by Congress • In 1972 it passed Congress, but needed 38 states to ratify the proposition Campaigns to influence states decisions • Controversy grew as two campaigns, one was pro-ERA and the other was anti-ERA, formed and launched their protests against one another • STOP-ERA was led by Phyllis Schlafly • Support for the amendment came from many women's groups, including the National Organization for Women (NOW), and the campaign was led by Gloria Steinem

15. Politics • Vietnam War, Nixon's Watergate Scandal begin decade • 1973 - Roe vs. Wade case gives women right to abortion when baby's life and woman's health are considered • 1976 - US Bicentennial celebrates American past, concludes with Declaration of Independence's 200th anniversary • Controversial affirmative action establishes quotas for minority employee hiring

16. Politics • After Nixon, Gerald Ford vetoes bills for welfare and passes tax cuts, not budget cuts • Ford attempts détente, but Soviets cancel trade pact with US criticizes emigration denial for Jews • Carter is final president, lowers taxes and proposes price monitoring - failure • Carter appeals to morality in politics over realpolitik • Carter improves US image with Panama Canal Treaty, Camp David Accords Jimmy Carter

17. Politics/Landmark Events • 1978 - Jim Jones' cult, People's Temple, ventures into South America and commits mass suicide (~900 deaths) • 1979 - Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident, almost melts down. Carter's determination for nuclear energy doubted Infamous Jim Jones

18. Economy • Productivity and exports low; costs, unemployment, inflation, imports high - formula for disaster • Government faces trade imbalances and budget deficit, debt • Tax money and industries have been dedicated to Vietnam War, social welfare rises, debt rises • $60 billion debt by end of 1970s • "Purchasing power of $100 in 1970 was $43.40 in 1980" Costs constantly rise on goods.

19. Economy • "Nixonomics" freezes wages and prices, combats stagflation (high unemployment and inflation), unsuccessful • Ford proposes WIN, Whip Inflation Now, with government spending cuts which are rejected • Carter finally lowers taxes and tries voluntary price control, fails Ford's "Whip Inflation Now" campaign buttons

20. Jeopardy Technology and Inventions Fads Events and People 100 100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300

21. Inventions and Technology • Invention of the floppy disk and first computer chip. • Texas Instruments creates a pocket calculator. • Discovery of DNA technology introduces genetic engineering. • Altair 8800 is the first personal computer created (required assembly) • Atari creates low-priced TV games. • VCR revolutionizes home entertainment • Jumbo Jets increase flying rates and lengths.

22. Culture and Values (What Mattered?) • Concern for the environment • Equality improves for women and blacks • Increased awareness of homosexual lifestyle • Religious diversion increased • Use of drugs • Urban takes over rural

23. Fashion

24. Foods

25. Fads

26. Entertainment

27. Sports Evel Knievel Hank Aaron Joe Namath Billie Jean King Dorothy Hamill Mario Andretti (center) Secretariat

28. Works Cited "1970s." 2012. The History Channel website. May 10 2012, http://www.history.com/videos/1970s.