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Arrhythmia and its Mitochondrial Causes

Arrhythmia, derived from the Latin term for "no rhythm," refers to the mistiming of the heartbeat, which can manifest as bradycardia (slow heartbeat), tachycardia (fast heartbeat), or fibrillation (chaotic impulses). Key causes include heart attack, scarring, cardiomyopathy, and genetic factors. Mitochondria play a significant role by affecting ion concentration gradients and electrical signals. Symptoms can range from minor irregularities to serious issues like chest pain and fainting. Treatment options include medications, pacemakers, and surgical procedures.

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Arrhythmia and its Mitochondrial Causes

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  1. Arrhythmia and its Mitochondrial Causes

  2. What is Arrhythmia? • Latin name: no rhythm • Arrhythmia – mistiming of heartbeat • Types: • Bradycardias – Slow beat • Tachycardias – Fast beat • Fibrilation – Rapid, chaotic impulses

  3. Causes • Heart attack • Heart scarring • Cardiomyopathy – heart muscle damage • Coronary artery disease – clogged heart arteries • Genetic factors

  4. Biological Properties • One cause: hypoxia – low oxygen • Heart beat managed by electrical signals • Signals generated by electrical potential • Potential created by concentration gradient of ions • Hypoxia causes channels to open – depolarization • Disruption of electrical signal disrupts heart beat

  5. Mitochondrial Involvement •  sarcKATP channels – maintain potassium ion gradient • Opened by presence of ADP • Failure in mitochondria prevents ATP regeneration, leads to sarcKATP channel opening

  6. Metabolic Properties • Hypoxia causes release of free fatty acids (FFA) • Increases oxygen demand • Hemolysis (rupture) of red blood cells • Detergent effects – breaks lipid membranes • Causes ion concentration gradient to leak

  7. Minor: Unusual heart beat Slow beat Irregular beat Pauses between beats Minor cases – not life-threatening Serious: Low blood supply Dizziness Fainting Short Breath Chest Pains Anemia-like symptoms Symptoms

  8. Heartbeat is controlled by electrical signals; arrhythmia is a disruption to these signals that affect the timing of the heartbeat. Mitochondrial Involvement • Ion concentration gradient within mitochondria • Concentration gradient necessary for electrical signals • Ions gated by channels • Opening of channels – loss of potential • Arrhythmia treated by inhibiting channels

  9. Treatments • Medication • Beta blockers • Channel blockers • Medical Procedure • Pacemaker implant • Surgery • Maze surgery • Cuts, burns in heart to limit path of electric signals

  10. Sources cited • A Metabolic Cause for Arrhythmias During Acute Myocardial Hypoxia • V. A. Kurien, M. F. Oliver. • How Are Arrhythmias Treated?. (n.d.). In National Institute of Health. Retrieved August 15, 2013 • Relationship of Hypoxia to Arrhythmia and Cardiac Conduction Hemorrhage • Richard E. Clark, Ignacio Christlieb, Miguel Sanmarco, Rodriguez Diaz-Perez, J. Francis Dammann, Jr. and Martin E. Zipser • What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Arrhythmia?. (n.d.). In National Institute of Health. Retrieved August 15, 2013

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