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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD VESSELS

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD VESSELS. General Organization Arteries Large (Elastic) Arteries Muscular (Distributing) Arteries Arterioles (Small) Arteries Precapillary (Terminal) Arterioles Capillaries Veins Venules Medium Veins Large Veins Lymphatics. General Organization.

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD VESSELS

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  1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMBLOOD VESSELS • General Organization • Arteries • Large (Elastic) Arteries • Muscular (Distributing) Arteries • Arterioles (Small) Arteries • Precapillary (Terminal) Arterioles • Capillaries • Veins • Venules • Medium Veins • Large Veins • Lymphatics

  2. General Organization • Blood Vascular System • Portal System • Lymph Vascular System

  3. Tissue Components • Endothelium • Elastic elements • Muscular elements • Connective tissue elements

  4. Arteries - General Structural Plan • Tunica Intima • Tunica Media • Tunica Adventitia • Arteriosclerosis

  5. Tunica Intima • Endothelium • Basement membrane • Subendothelial connective tissue • Internal elastic lamina (IEL)

  6. Tunica Media • Smooth muscle • Elastic fibers/lamina

  7. Tunica Adventitia • External elastic lamina (EEL) • Connective tissue • Vasa vasorum • Sympathetic nerves

  8. Arteriosclerosis - “Hardening of Art.” • Atherosclerosis • Monckeberg’s Medical Calcific Sclerosis • Arteriolosclerosis

  9. Myointimal Cells • Intimal smooth muscle cells • Potential of fibroblasts, macrophages & SM • Foam cells (lipophages)

  10. BV CLASSIFICATIONS • Arteries • Large (Elastic) • Medium (Muscular) • Small (Arterioles) • Capillaries • Continuous • Sinusoids • Lymphatics • Veins • Small (Venules) • Medium • Large (Cava)

  11. Large (Elastic) Arteries • Tunica intima • thicker subendothelial c.t. • poorly defined IEL • Tunica media - thickest, largely elastic • Tunica adventitia • EEL poorly defined • vasa vasorum

  12. Muscular (Distributing) Arteries • Tunica intima - thin with prominent IEL • Tunica media - largely smooth muscle • Tunica adventitia • thick with prominent EEL • vasa vasorum, lymphatics, nerves

  13. Arterioles (Small Arteries) • Tunica intima - absence of IEL • Tunica media - gradual reduction in layers • Tunica adventitia - no EEL

  14. Precapillary (Terminal) Arterioles • Metarterioles • no IEL • 1-2 smooth muscle cells • serve as AV shunts • true capillaries are branches • Precapillary Sphincters • guard openings of true capillaries

  15. Capillaries - General Structural Plan • Endothelium • Basement Memb. • Pericytes • Other Cells

  16. Endothelium • Cells elongated along capillary axis • Attached by both occluding (tight) and communicating (gap) junctions • Oval or elongated nucleus (bulges into lumen) • Contractile - cytoplasmic filaments • Pinocytotic vesicles and vacuoles

  17. Basement Membranes • Continuous in blood vascular system (prominent in brain as BBB) • Discontinuous in sinusoids and lymphatics • Collagen Type IV • Elastic fibers

  18. Pericytes • Enclosed in own basement membrane • Discontinuous and irregularly spaced • Particularly numerous in brain (BBB) • Nucleus bulges away from lumen

  19. Other Cells • Fixed macrophages • Mast cells - secrete heparin • Rare nerve fibers

  20. Capillary Function • Barrier • Endocapillary layer • Endothelium • Basal lamina and pericytes • Adventitia • Exchange Forces • Hydrostatic • Osmotic • Concentration

  21. Capillaries - Structural Types • True Capillaries • Continuous capillaries • Fenestrated capillaries with diaphragms • Fenestrated capillaries without diaphragms • Sinusoids • Lymphatic Capillaries

  22. Venules (Small Veins) • Tunica intima - endothelial tube • Tunica media • Pericytes • Isolated smooth muscle cells • Tunica Adventitia - minimal

  23. Medium Veins • Tunica intima - thin, forms valves • Tunica media - scattered smooth muscle • Inner layer longitudinally arranged in large veins • Tunica adventitia - thick with longitudinal

  24. Large Veins • Tunica intima - slightly thicker than medium • Tunica media - sparse smooth muscle cells • Tunica adventitia - thick with longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle cells

  25. Lymphatics • Tunica intima & adventitia only • Discontinuous basement membrane • Very frequent valves • Anchoring filaments • Extensive vasa vasorum • Lymphangion • Interposed lymph node filters • Drain into veins

  26. BV CLASSIFICATIONS • Arteries • Large Elastic lamina • Medium >10 SM layers • Small (Arterioles) <5 SM layers • Capillaries • Continuous (Fenestrated & Non-Fenestrated) • Sinusoids (Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, BM) • Lymphatics (Everywhere) • Veins • Small (Venules) Thin wall, large lumen • Medium Few layers of SM, “ • Large (Cava) Long. SM in Adv.

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