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Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution. Thomas Hobbes. Believed that all humans were wicked & selfish Life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish & short” wrote Leviathan Social Contract: people gave up rights for strong rulers in return, they received order & law

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Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

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  1. Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

  2. Thomas Hobbes Believed that all humans were wicked & selfish Life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish & short” wrote Leviathan Social Contract: • people gave up rights for strong rulers • in return, they received order & law • believed that a Absolute Monarchy was best type of Gov’t

  3. John Locke Exact opposite of Hobbes Believed that people had the ability to govern themselves Favored self government “Natural” rights that each person was born with: • life, liberty & property • Government’s job was to protect those rights • if gov’t failed, people had right to overthrow it. • Two Treatises on Government

  4. Voltaire • Most famous of the Philosophes “I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”. attacked the clergy, government, & aristocracy Wrote over 70 Books

  5. Rousseau “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” • civilization corrupted man’s natural goodness • early man had enjoyed a State of Nature • civilized man destroyed people’s freedom with unjust laws Wrote: Social Contract • was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and gov’t • ALL people were equal • titles of nobility should be abolished

  6. CesareBeccaria Laws were to preserve social order, not avenge crimes • Against torture & cruel or usual punishments • For speedy trials • punishment should fit crime • abolished capital punishment • gov’t should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people

  7. Baron de Montesquieu • Believed England’s Gov’t was best. • Wrote: On the Spirit of Laws • Power was divided among different parts of their gov’t: • Separation of Powers by branch: executive power, legislative power, judicial power • Checks & Balances: “Power should be a check to power”

  8. Enlightened Women • Mary Wollstonecraft • A Vindication of the Rights of Women • believed women should have same rights as men

  9. Scientific Revolution

  10. Nicolaus Copernicus

  11. Johannes Kepler • Orbits are Elliptical in shape • proved mathematically that Copernicus’ ideas were correct

  12. Galileo

  13. Used telescope to study the heavens (1609) Observed that Jupiter had 4 moons Agreed with Copericus Law of falling objects Came into conflict with Church over his work Stood trial at an inquisition in Rome under threat of torture recanted his work. Galileo Galilei

  14. Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes “Founders of the Scientific Method

  15. Sir Isaac Newton Concluded that all objects were affected by the same forces • wrote: Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy • physical laws of motion • Theories of gravity

  16. Anders Celsius & Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

  17. Robert Boyle & Joseph Priestly(Father of modern Chemistry) (“found” oxygen)

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