2. Why study Native American history? Modern relevance: The “reconquista”

9. Pre-Contact Native American Society

10. Native American Origins • Native accounts • Scientific explanations

11. Iroquois Origin myth

12. Scientific explanations of Native American origins • Bering Strait land bridge • Original migration • Later migrations (Athapascans, Inuits, Aleuts) • Local coastal migration (north to south) • Transoceanic migration (from Europe, Asia, or Polynesia)

13. The Bering Land Bridge

14. Kennewick Man • Kennewick man discovered in 1996 in Washington. • Picture shows an anthropologist’s reconstruction of Kennewick man’s appearance.

15. Controversy over Kennewick Man • Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) • Competing explanations for origin: Native American vs European

17. What is “Indian”? • No single native culture • Not static • Cultural patterns influenced by environment

18. Five examples • Mexico • American midwest • American southwest • American east coast • Canada

19. The problem of Source Bias

20. Mexico • Sources: • Early explorers’ accounts • Archaeology • Early ethnographies (Sahagun history, Florentine codex)

21. Tenochtitlan

22. Teotihuacan

23. Florentine Codex

24. Nahuatl (Aztec) picture writing

25. Mayan hieroglyphics

26. American Southwest • Sources: • Early explorers’ accounts • Native American oral histories • Archaeology

33. American Midwest • Sources: • Early western explorers’ diaries and letters • Archaeology

34. Cahokia, near present-day St. Louis, MO: estimated population 20,000estimated time period: 900-1550 AD

38. Trade • Long-distance trade networks • Examples of trade centers: Chaco, Casas Grandes, Cahokia

40. American East Coast • Sources: • Early ethnographies (John White, Thomas Hariot) • Archaeology • Early contact accounts

41. John White watercolors (Engraved and mass-produced by Theodore deBry)

44. Agriculture Secotan, Indian village in Virginia

47. Trade and ritual Wampumpeage, or wampum, made from shells

48. Canada • Sources: • The Jesuit Relations • Other early accounts • Native American oral histories

49. Iroquois longhouses