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Visual Displays of Data

Visual Displays of Data. Chapter 3. Positive and negative uses Can accurately and succinctly present information Can reveal/conceal complicated data Graphing in the information age: a critical skill. Uses of Graphs.

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Visual Displays of Data

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  1. Visual Displays of Data Chapter 3

  2. Positive and negative uses Can accurately and succinctly present information Can reveal/conceal complicated data Graphing in the information age: a critical skill Uses of Graphs

  3. “The Most Misleading Graph Ever Published”The Cost and Quality of Higher Education How to Mislead with Graphs

  4. Techniques for Misleading • The false face validity lie • Method seems to represent what it says, but does not actually. • e.g., using yelling as a measure of aggression • The biased scale lie • Scaling to skew the results • e.g., using 3 positive words out of 5 options • The sneaky sample lie • When participants are preselected or self selected to provide data.

  5. More Techniques • The interpolation lie • Assumes that a value between 2 data points follows the same pattern • The extrapolation lie • Assumes knowledge outside of the study • The inaccurate values lie • Uses scaling to distort portions of the data • The outright lie: • Making up data!

  6. The Inaccurate Value Lie

  7. Which of the two graphs is misleading?

  8. Scatterplots Graphs that depict the relation between two scale variables Observing every data point Linear relationships Nonlinear relationships Common Types of Graphs

  9. Scatterplot of Hours Studied and Statistics Grade

  10. Searching for trends Line of best fit Time series plot Line Graphs

  11. The Line of Best Fit

  12. Weekly Newspaper Circulation

  13. Bar Graphs • When the independent variable is nominal or ordinal and the dependent variable is scale • Pareto chart: bar graph in which categories along the x-axis are ordered from highest to lowest

  14. The Flexibility of the Bar Graph

  15. Bar Graphs Highlight Differences Between Means

  16. Deceiving with the Scale

  17. Choosing clarity over cleverness Visual depiction of data for an independent variable when there are very few levels Pictorial Graphs

  18. Distorting the Data with Pictures

  19. Graph in the shape of a circle with each slice representing a proportion of each category Not necessarily the best choice Pie charts

  20. Pie Chart or Bar Graph?

  21. Check Your Learning • What is the best type of graph to depict the following: • Depression levels and stress levels for 150 university students. Is depression related to stress? • Mean years of education for six regions of the United States. Are education levels higher in some regions than in others?

  22. > APA style: Graphing guidelines for social scientists Refer to tables and figures in the text by number, and briefly describe them. Place the final, camera-read versions of the actual tables and figures at the end of the manuscript. Provide a complete and clear caption for every figure on a separate page. How to Build a Graph

  23. Write the number of the figure in pencil as close as possible to the top right of the final copy of the figure. Write the manuscript’s short title and the word TOP on the back of the final copy to indicate the top of the figure. APA style (cont.)

  24. One scale variable (with frequencies): histogram or frequency polygon One scale independent and one scale dependent variable: scatterplot or line graph One nominal or ordinal independent and one scale dependent variable: bar graph Two+ nominal or ordinal independent and one interval dependent variable: bar graph Choosing the Graph Based on Variables

  25. General guidelines Use the same terms as in the body of the text Tell its entire story without forcing the reader to go back to the text Use clear title, labels Creating the Perfect Graph

  26. What Is Wrong with This Picture?

  27. Interactive graphing Clinical applications Computerized mapping The Future of Graphs

  28. The Many Layers of Interactive Graphs

  29. Graph as Therapy Tool

  30. Multivariate Graphs

  31. Check Your Learning What is the likely lie? • Do smarter people attend statistics class more often? Statistics grades were on the x-axis and percentages of classes attended were on the y-axis. • Your professor asserts that you should not become a political scientist, showing a time plot that depicts a decrease in job openings over the last 10 years. The job prospects can only decrease you are warned.

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