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Animal Behavior

Animal Behavior. Ch. 51.1-2; 40.2. Ethology : the study of behavior How is this happening? Proximate causation-how a behavior occurs Genetic basis, physiologic, innate response to a stimulus Why is this happening? Ultimate causation- why a behavior occurs

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Animal Behavior

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  1. Animal Behavior • Ch. 51.1-2; 40.2

  2. Ethology: the study of behavior • How is this happening? • Proximate causation-how a behavior occurs • Genetic basis, physiologic, innate response to a stimulus • Why is this happening? • Ultimate causation- why a behavior occurs • Finding food, regulating temperature, courtship/mating, communication

  3. What is behavior? • an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus (based on physiological systems and processes) • everything an organism does and how it does it, response to stimuli in the environment • essential for survival and reproduction and subject to natural selection • purpose may include communication with other organisms • examples: songbirds, courtship, scent marking, hunting, maintain homeostasis, migration etc.

  4. Behavioral stimuli may be.. • Environmental • Hormonal • sign (color, object, another organism) • Scent • circadian rhythms (daily behavior cycles triggered by light and dark) • physiologic (internal)

  5. Animal Communication • signal: stimulus from one organism to another • communication: reception of signals • may be visual, chemical, tactile, auditory, pheromones • communication/behaviors are closely related to an organisms lifestyle and environment (will determine the type of communication used)

  6. Innate behaviors • all individuals in a population exhibit the same behavior despite environment/lifestyle differences • automatic, fixed, “built in” response • triggered by a stimulus • example: migration, hibernation • Learned behaviors • modification of a behavior based on experiences • triggered by a stimulus but variable • social learning- learning through observing others • associative learning-associate one environmental feature with another • classical conditioning (stimulus associated with outcome—positive/negative reinforcement) • Pavlov’s dogs • operant conditioning (trial and error learning) • Push lever to get food (mice) • example: tool usage, hunting techniques https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk

  7. Homeostasis-maintaining internal balance • organisms behavior will change in an effort to maintain balance either internally or with the environment • negative feedback: reduces the stimulus (returning to a normal state) • temperature regulation, insulin/glucose balance in blood • positive feedback: amplifies the stimulus (takes farther from normal state) • labor/birth • carbon emissions and global warming

  8. Taxis: change in direction, move away from (negative) or toward (positive) a stimulus (directional) • Chemotaxis (chemical) • Phototaxis (light) • Kinesis: change in rate of movement in response to a stimulus (non-directional) • Like stimulus (move slowly) • Dislike stimulus—agitated (move quickly) • Social Behaviors: interactions between individuals (evolutionary adaptations) • language, dominance, altruism, cooperation, imprinting • Habituation: loss of response to stimulus

  9. Videos • Birds of Paradise https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7QZnwKqopo • Honey Bees https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nga4Z_HRUsU • Sage Grouse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0M8pZnNlnI • Monkeys and tool usage (life series)

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