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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation. The Vascular System. Closed system Blood vessels Four heart chambers. Blood Vessels. Five types of blood vessels Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins. Checkpoint 14-1: What are the five types of blood vessels?. Blood Circuits.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

  2. The Vascular System • Closed system • Blood vessels • Four heart chambers

  3. Blood Vessels • Five types of blood vessels • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Venules • Veins

  4. Checkpoint 14-1: What are the five types of blood vessels?

  5. Blood Circuits • Two groups of blood vessels • The pulmonary circuit • Pulmonary artery and its branches • Capillaries in lungs • Pulmonary veins • The systemic circuit • Aorta • Systemic capillaries • Systemic veins

  6. Blood flow in a closed system of vessels ZOOMING IN • Judging from the color coding. Which vessels pick up oxygen? Pulmonary capillaries Which vessels release oxygen? Systemic capillaries

  7. Checkpoint 14-2: What are the two blood circuits and what areas does each serve?

  8. Vessel Structure • Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veins • Inner (endothelium) • Middle (smooth [involuntary] muscle) • Controlled by autonomic nervous system • Thinner in veins • Outer (supporting connective tissue)

  9. Sections of small blood vessels ZOOMING IN • Which vessels have valves that control blood flow? Veins

  10. Cross-section of an artery and vein ZOOMING IN •Which type of vessel shown has a thicker wall Artery

  11. Checkpoint 14-3: What type of tissue makes up the middle layer of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled? • Checkpoint 14-4: How many cell layers make up the wall of a capillary?

  12. Systemic Arteries • The aorta • Largest artery • Receives blood from left ventricle • Branches to all organs

  13. The Aorta and Its Parts • Ascending aorta • Aortic arch • Thoracic aorta • Abdominal aorta

  14. The aorta and its branches   ZOOMING IN • How many brachiocephalic arteries are there? There is one brachiocephalic artery and two brachiocephalic veins

  15. Principal systemic arteries

  16. Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch • Ascending aorta • Left and right coronary arteries • Aortic arch • Brachiocephalic artery • Right subclavian artery • Right common carotid artery • Left common carotid artery • Left subclavian artery

  17. Branches of the Thoracic Aorta • Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchi • Intercostal arteries

  18. Branches of the Abdominal Aorta • Celiac trunk • Left gastric artery • Splenic artery • Hepatic artery • Superior mesenteric artery • Inferior mesenteric artery • Paired lateral branches • Phrenic arteries • Suprarenal arteries • Renal arteries • Ovarian and testicular arteries • Lumbar arteries

  19. Checkpoint 14-5: What are the subdivisions of the aorta, largest artery?

  20. The Iliac Arteries and Their Subdivision • Common iliac arteries • Internal iliac arteries • External iliac arteries • Femoral artery • Popliteal artery • Tibial arteries • Dorsalis pedis

  21. Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head • External carotid artery • Internal carotid artery • Subclavian artery • Vertebral artery • Axillary artery • Brachial artery • Radial artery • Ulnar artery

  22. Checkpoint 14-6: What arteries are formed by the final division of the abdominal aorta? • Checkpoint 14-7: What areas are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery?

  23. Anastomoses • Communication between two vessels • Circle of Willis • Superficial palmar arch • Mesenteric arches • Arterial arches

  24. Arteries that supply the brain

  25. Capillary network showing an arteriovenous shunt (anastomosis).

  26. Checkpoint 14-8: What is an anastomosis?

  27. Systemic Veins • Superficial veins • Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins • Saphenous veins • Deep veins • Femoral and iliac veins • Brachial, axillary, subclavian veins • Jugular veins • Brachiocephalic vein

  28. The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries • Superior vena cava • Head, neck, upper extremities • Azygos vein • Chest wall • Inferior vena cava • Right, left veins from paired parts, organs • Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract

  29. Principal systemic veins   ZOOMING IN • How many brachiocephalic veins are there? Two

  30. Checkpoint 14-9: Veins are described as superficial or deep. What does superficial mean? • Checkpoint 14-10: What two large veins drain the systemic blood vessels and empty into the right atrium?

  31. Venous Sinuses • Coronary sinus • Cranial venous sinuses • Cavernous sinuses • Petrosal sinuses • Superior sagittal sinus • Confluence of sinuses • Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)

  32. Cranial venous sinuses

  33. Checkpoint 14-11: What is a venous sinus?

  34. The Hepatic Portal System • Carries blood from abdominal organs to liver • Superior mesenteric vein • Splenic vein • Gastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veins • Sinusoids

  35. Hepatic portal system ZOOMING IN • What vessel do the hepatic veins drain into? Inferior vena cava

  36. Checkpoint 14-12: The hepatic portal system takes blood from the abdominal organs to what organ?

  37. The Physiology of Circulation • Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other substances generated by cells • Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange medium

  38. Capillary Exchange • How substances move between cells and capillary blood • Diffusion • Main process • Blood pressure • Moves material into tissue fluid • Osmotic pressure • Draws material into capillaries

  39. Connection between small blood vessels through capillaries.

  40. Checkpoint 14-13: As materials diffuse back and forth between the blood and tissue fluid across the capillary wall, what force helps to push materials out of the capillary? What force helps to draw materials into the capillary?

  41. The Dynamics of Blood Flow • Vasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activities • Vasodilation • Vasoconstriction • Precapillary sphincter

  42. Checkpoint 14-14: Name the two types of vasomotor changes. • Checkpoint 14-15: Where are vasomotor activities regulated?

  43. Return of Blood to the Heart • Mechanisms that promote blood’s return to heart • Contraction of skeletal muscles • Valves • Breathing

  44. Role of skeletal muscles and valves in blood return ZOOMING IN • Which of the two valves shown is closer to the heart? Proximal valve

  45. The Pulse • Ventricular contraction • Wave of increased pressure • Begins at heart and travels to arteries • Influenced by various factors • Body size • Gender • Age • Muscular activity • Emotion • Body temperature • Thyroid secretion

  46. Checkpoint 14-16: What is the definition of pulse?

  47. Blood Pressure • Force exerted by blood against vessel walls • Determined by heart’s output and resistance to blood flow

  48. Factors that influence blood pressure

  49. Cardiac Output • Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute • Heart rate • Beats per minute • Stroke volume • Controlled by force of contractions CO = Heart rate X Stroke volume

  50. Resistance to Blood Flow • Peripheral resistance is affected by • Vasomotor changes • Elasticity of blood vessels • Viscosity • Total blood volume

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