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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Endocrine System. Endocrine Glands. Glands produce secretions Endocrine glands make hormones Hormones use the circulatory system to reach their target Do not confuse with exocrine glands which has secretions that go through a duct. Function of the Endocrine System.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Endocrine System

  2. Endocrine Glands • Glands produce secretions • Endocrine glands make hormones • Hormones use the circulatory system to reach their target • Do not confuse with exocrine glands which has secretions that go through a duct

  3. Function of the Endocrine System • Coordinate and integrate functions to maintain homeostasis • Hypothalamus • Neurotransmitters

  4. Function of the Endocrine System • Pituitary gland • Negative feedback system • Nervous control

  5. Pituitary Gland • About size of a grape • Located at base of brain • Connected to the hypothalamus • Anterior lobe and posterior lobe • Also known as the master gland

  6. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary • Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin • Prolactin hormone (PRL) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

  7. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

  8. Intermediate Lobe – Pituitary • Few cells along borders of posterior and anterior lobes • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

  9. Posterior Lobe – Pituitary • Vasopressin converts to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the bloodstream • Oxytocin

  10. Thyroid Glands • Located in neck close to the cricoid cartilage (Adam’s apple) • Regulates body metabolism • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) • Calcitonin

  11. Parathyroid Glands • Four glands size of grains of rice • Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland • Maintains calcium-phosphorus balance • Parathormone • Parathormone and calcitonin • Antagonistic effects

  12. Thymus Gland • Both an endocrine gland and lymphatic organ • Located under the sternum • Decreases in size with aging • thymosin

  13. Adrenal Glands • Located on top of each kidney • Have a cortex and a medulla • ACTH from the pituitary gland stimulated activity of the cortex

  14. Adrenal Cortex • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Androgens • Estrogens

  15. Adrenal Medulla • Epinephrine or adrenalin • Powerful cardiac stimulant • Norephinephrine • Responds to the sympathetic nervous system • Fight-or-flight hormones

  16. Gonads • Also called sex glands • Female • Ovaries • Male • Testes

  17. Gonads – Hormones • Female • Estrogen • Progesterone • Male • Testosterone

  18. Pancreas • Located behind stomach • Exocrine and endocrine functions • Insulin • Glucagon

  19. Pineal Gland • Located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain • Suprachiasmatic nucleus • Melatonin

  20. Other Hormones • Prostaglandins • Activity depends on which tissue secretes them • Exact nature and function is being studied

  21. Animation – Endocrine System Click Here to play Endocrine System animation

  22. Effects of Aging • Affects nearly every gland • Blood levels of some hormones increase while others decrease • Affects the homeostasis of the body

  23. Endocrine System Disorders • A number of factors can cause problems • Disease of the gland • Autoimmune causes • Infections • Dietary deficiencies • Signs and symptoms usually do to hyper- or hypoactivity of the glands

  24. Disorders – Pituitary • Hyperfunction • Gigantism • Acromegaly • Hypofunction • Dwarfism • Diabetes insipidus

  25. Disorders – Thyroid • Diagnostic tests • Hyperthyroidism • Hypothyroidism • Myxedema • Cretinism

  26. Disorders – Parathyroid • Hyperparathyroidism • Increased blood calcium • Hypoparathyroidism • Decreased blood calcium • Tetany

  27. Disorders – Adrenal Cortex • Hyperfunction • Cushing’s syndrome • Hypofunction • Addison’s disease

  28. Steroid Abuse in Sports • Androgenic anabolic steroids • Risks of taking • Males • Females

  29. Diabetes Mellitus • Pancreatic disorder • Decreased secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans cells or by the ineffective use of insulin • Type I and Type II diabetes

  30. Diabetes Mellitus • Signs and symptoms • Pathophysiology • Hypo- and hyperglycemia • Diagnostic tests • Treatments

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