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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Endocrine System

  2. Endocrine Glands • Glands produce secretions • Endocrine glands make hormones • Hormones use the circulatory system to reach their target • Do not confuse with exocrine glands which has secretions that go through a duct

  3. Function of the Endocrine System • Coordinate and integrate functions to maintain homeostasis • Hypothalamus • Neurotransmitters

  4. Function of the Endocrine System • Pituitary gland • Negative feedback system • Nervous control

  5. Pituitary Gland • About size of a grape • Located at base of brain • Connected to the hypothalamus • Anterior lobe and posterior lobe • Also known as the master gland

  6. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary • Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin • Prolactin hormone (PRL) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

  7. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

  8. Intermediate Lobe – Pituitary • Few cells along borders of posterior and anterior lobes • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

  9. Posterior Lobe – Pituitary • Vasopressin converts to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the bloodstream • Oxytocin

  10. Thyroid Glands • Located in neck close to the cricoid cartilage (Adam’s apple) • Regulates body metabolism • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) • Calcitonin

  11. Parathyroid Glands • Four glands size of grains of rice • Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland • Maintains calcium-phosphorus balance • Parathormone • Parathormone and calcitonin • Antagonistic effects

  12. Thymus Gland • Both an endocrine gland and lymphatic organ • Located under the sternum • Decreases in size with aging • thymosin

  13. Adrenal Glands • Located on top of each kidney • Have a cortex and a medulla • ACTH from the pituitary gland stimulated activity of the cortex

  14. Adrenal Cortex • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Androgens • Estrogens

  15. Adrenal Medulla • Epinephrine or adrenalin • Powerful cardiac stimulant • Norephinephrine • Responds to the sympathetic nervous system • Fight-or-flight hormones

  16. Gonads • Also called sex glands • Female • Ovaries • Male • Testes

  17. Gonads – Hormones • Female • Estrogen • Progesterone • Male • Testosterone

  18. Pancreas • Located behind stomach • Exocrine and endocrine functions • Insulin • Glucagon

  19. Pineal Gland • Located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain • Suprachiasmatic nucleus • Melatonin

  20. Other Hormones • Prostaglandins • Activity depends on which tissue secretes them • Exact nature and function is being studied

  21. Animation – Endocrine System Click Here to play Endocrine System animation

  22. Effects of Aging • Affects nearly every gland • Blood levels of some hormones increase while others decrease • Affects the homeostasis of the body

  23. Endocrine System Disorders • A number of factors can cause problems • Disease of the gland • Autoimmune causes • Infections • Dietary deficiencies • Signs and symptoms usually do to hyper- or hypoactivity of the glands

  24. Disorders – Pituitary • Hyperfunction • Gigantism • Acromegaly • Hypofunction • Dwarfism • Diabetes insipidus

  25. Disorders – Thyroid • Diagnostic tests • Hyperthyroidism • Hypothyroidism • Myxedema • Cretinism

  26. Disorders – Parathyroid • Hyperparathyroidism • Increased blood calcium • Hypoparathyroidism • Decreased blood calcium • Tetany

  27. Disorders – Adrenal Cortex • Hyperfunction • Cushing’s syndrome • Hypofunction • Addison’s disease

  28. Steroid Abuse in Sports • Androgenic anabolic steroids • Risks of taking • Males • Females

  29. Diabetes Mellitus • Pancreatic disorder • Decreased secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans cells or by the ineffective use of insulin • Type I and Type II diabetes

  30. Diabetes Mellitus • Signs and symptoms • Pathophysiology • Hypo- and hyperglycemia • Diagnostic tests • Treatments

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