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Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology. Chapters 1 through 4. Elements of a medical term:. Root word Combining form Suffixes Prefixes. Root Words. Basic meaning of the medical word Usually refers to a part of the body or a type of disease or procedure. Root Words: Examples. Derm=skin

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Medical Terminology

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  1. Medical Terminology Chapters 1 through 4

  2. Elements of a medical term: • Root word • Combining form • Suffixes • Prefixes

  3. Root Words • Basic meaning of the medical word • Usually refers to a part of the body or a type of disease or procedure

  4. Root Words: Examples • Derm=skin • Examples: dermatitis, dermatome • Card=Heart • Examples: cardiologist, echocardiogram

  5. Synonymous Roots: • Latin roots refer to anatomy • Example: Oris (mouth), orbicularis oris • Greek roots refer to disease and treatments • Example: stoma (mouth), stomatitis, colostomy stoma

  6. Combining Form: • Vowel added to root word • Linguistically enables the two elements to be connected. • Usually an “o” • Usually needed when the root word ends in a consonant

  7. Combining Forms: Examples • Nephrologist (a specialist in kidney diseases) • Hepatocyte (a liver cell) • Cystoscope (an instrument to look into the urinary bladder) • These roots end in consonants

  8. Combining Forms: Examples • Hypothyroidism-disease in which insufficient thyroid hormone is made • Meningitis-inflammatory or infectious disease of the lining layers of the brain • Vowel follows the root word but is part of the suffixes. • No combining form needed.

  9. Suffixes: • Element added to the END of the medical term. • Modifies or changes the meaning of the word. • Examples: anorexia, gastroscopy

  10. Suffixes: • These elements often determine the definition of the medical term. • -ia or –ism means “condition of” • Examples: hypoglycemia, anemia, hernia, schizophrenia, cryptorchidism, gigantism

  11. Suffixes: • Even more examples: • -scope means “instrument used to look at something” • Examples: microscope, anoscope • -ectomy means “a procedure to remove something” • Examples: appendectomy, splenectomy, hemipelvectomy

  12. Suffixes: • Should probably look at the suffix first to determine the meaning of a word • Noun vs. adjective, etc.

  13. Prefixes: • Element added to the beginning of a medical term • Also modifies or changes the meaning of the word.

  14. Prefixes: • Examples: • Neurosurgeon (a surgeon who specializes in the brain & spinal cord) • Hyperlipidemic (containing a high amount of lipids or fats) • Anuric (making no urine)

  15. Prefixes: Some Biggies • Hypo-, hyper- (not enough, too much) • Hypoglycemic, hypoglycemic • Intra-, inter- (inside of, in between) • Intracellular, intercellular • Pan-, holo- (the entire range of) • Pancytopenic, holosystolic • Supra-, infra- (above, below) • Supraorbital, Infraorbital

  16. Prefixes: It never ends. . . • Micro-, macro- (little, big) • Microscopic, macroscopic • Dextro-, levo- (right, left) • Dextrocardia, levo-thyroxin

  17. Combinations: Panhypopituitarism is • A condition involving the pituitary gland • A big scoring word for a Scrabble game • Something we just don’t even want to know about

  18. Panhypopituitarism: • Pan / hypo / pituitar / ism • What is the root? • What is the suffix? • What is / are the prefix (es)? • What is the combining form?

  19. Panhypopituitarism: • Pan- = entire, all • Hypo- = not enough of • Pituitar- = pituitary gland, a tiny gland in the brain that secretes lots of regulatory hormones • -ism = condition of • The condition in which the pituitary gland makes insufficient amounts of all of the pituitary hormones

  20. Examples: Other modifiers • Gastrectomy (gastro /ectomy) • Total gastrectomy • Subtotal gastrectomy • Hypoglycemics (hypo / glyco / emic / s) • Oral hypoglycemics

  21. Pleural Forms: Not just –s • -a becomes –ae (hematoma) • -ax becomes –aces (pneumothorax) • -en becomes –ina (foramen) • -is becomes –es (prognosis) • -ix or -ex becomes –ices (fornix) • -ma becomes –mata (scotoma) • -on becomes –a (ganglion)

  22. Pleural forms-continued • -um becomes –a (bacterium) • -us becomes –i (bacillus) • -y becomes –ies (disability)

  23. Suffix Types: • There’s a million of ‘em. • Root word + suffix (if root ends in a consonant and suffix begins in a vowel) • Examples: arthritis arthr / itis • An inflammatory condition of the joints

  24. Suffixes: more examples • Root word + suffix • Nephrectomy (surgical removal of a kidney) (nephro / ectomy) • Colectomy (surgical removal of a colon or large bowel) (colo / ectomy)

  25. More Suffixes: • Root word + combining form + suffix • Examples: • Tracheostomy (trache /o/ stomy) • Thoracostomy (thorac/ o/ stomy) • Melanocyte (melan / o/ cyte) • Erythrocyte (erythr/ o/ cyte)

  26. Common Categories: Suffixes • Procedures/surgeries • -ectomy, -centesis, -plasty, -tomy, -stomy • Less common: -pexy, -rraphy, -lysis, -tripsy

  27. Common Categories: Suffixes • Diagnostic tests • -gram, -metry, -scopy, -graphy • Examples: electroencephalogram • Diagnostic equipment • -scope, -meter, -graph • Example: glucometer, endoscope

  28. Common Categories: Suffixes • Conditions or diseases • -edema (swelling), lymphedema • -emia (blood condition), hypoxemia • -algia (pain), cephalgia • -genesis (origin), gluconeogenesis • -iasis (abnormal condition), cholelithiasis

  29. Common Categories: Suffixes • Conditions or diseases (continued): • -it is (inflammation), pancreatitis • -megaly (enlargement), hepatomegaly • -oma (tumor, mass), hemangioma • -osis (abnormal condition), hemochromatosis • -pathy (abnormal condition), neuropathy

  30. Common Categories: Suffixes • Conditions or diseases (continued): • -penia (deficiency), osteopenia • -plasia (growth), dysplasia • -plegia (paralysis), hemiplegia • -paresis (weakness), hemiparesis • -rrhage (bursting), hemorrhage • -stenosis (narrowing), arteriostenosis

  31. Categories of suffixes: • Adjective forms: • -ac, -al, -ic, -ous, -ior, -tic • Examples: Celiac, mucous, superior, optic

  32. Categories: Suffixes • Noun forms: • -ia, ism, -ist, -y • Examples: osteopenia, dimorphism, phlebotomist, radiology

  33. Categories: Suffixes • Diminutive forms (smaller than usual) • -icle, -ole,-ule • Examples: arteriole, venule, tubule

  34. Prefixes • Word element located before the root word in a medical term • The prefix changes or modifies the meaning of the word, e.g. hypotension. (hypo / tension means low blood pressure) • Multiple prefixes may be used in a given word, e.g. panhypopituitarism

  35. Common categories: Prefixes • Related to time: • Pre- = before (prenatal) • Peri = around the same time as (periarrest) • Post- = after (postmortem, postoperative)

  36. Common categories: Prefixes • Related to position • Epi- = above, (epidermis, epicardium) • Sub- = below (subcutaneous) • Supra- = above (supraorbital) • Infra- = below (infraclavicular) • Intra- = inside (intraabdominal) • Inter- = between (interdigital)

  37. Prefixes: position, continued • Post- or retro- = behind, backward or after (retroverted) • Pre- or pro- = before or in front (prodrome or promyelocyte) • Hypo- = below or deficient (hypokinetic)

  38. Common categories: Prefixes • Relating to number or measurement • Hemi- = half (hemithorax, hemiplegia) • Uni- or mono- = one (unicellular) • Bi- or diplo- = two (biphasic, diplopia) • Tri- = three (trigeminal nerve) • Quadri- = four (quadriplegia) • Multi- or poly- = many (multisystem)

  39. Prefixes: common categories • Number and measurement (continued) • Hyper- = above normal (hyperactive) • Micro- = smaller than normal (microcephalic) • Macro- = larger than normal (macrocytic anemia)

  40. Prefix Categories: Direction • Ab- away from (abduction) • Ad- toward (adduction) • Circum- around (circumcision) • Trans- through (transesophageal) • Exo- or extra- = outside (extracorporeal circulation or exoskeleton) • Endo- inside (endodontist)

  41. Prefix categories: Direction • Para- near (parathyroid gland) • Peri- near (pericardial) • Super- or ultra- excessive or above (ultrasound, superficial)

  42. Other popular prefixes: • Brady –slow (bradycardia) • Tachy- fast (tachypnea) • Dys- painful, difficult, abnormal (dysfunction, dyspnea, dysrrhythmia) • A- or an- = not or without (asystole) • Anti- or contra- = against or opposite (contraindication)

  43. Other Prefixes: • Mal- = bad, abnormal (maladaptive) • Pan- = all (pandemic) • Pseudo- = false (pseudoseizure) • Syn- = joined (syndesmosis) • Eu- normal (euthyroid, euthermic)

  44. Malabsorption Pancarditis Subnormal Subtheraputic Suprascapular Hemorrhagic Arthroscope Pediatric gastroenterologist Practice words:

  45. Translate into English: • He has a subconjunctival hemorrhage. • Her serum digoxin level is subtheraputic despite high oral doses of the medicine. • His utererostomy is dysfunctional.

  46. Periarticular Supraauricular Intracranial Hypertension Hyperuricemia Antiverted Pericardiocentesis Tachycardia More practice words:

  47. What the hell does that mean? • We should see the dyspneic patient first. • Narcotic medications make him dysphoric instead of euphoric. • He’s dysequilibrium is due to alcohol intoxication. • Hypotensive patients often feel dizzy.

  48. Gastritis Appendectomy Prenatal Pedal Oncologist Hemithorax Paraplegia Retrocardiac Which words have prefixes?

  49. Perimortem Hypokalemia Panarthritis Intraarticular Diplococcus What are the root words?

  50. Supraorbital Submental Retrosternal Intrathoracic Triphasic Polymorphic Arteriole Coronary Which words describe position?

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