1. THE GHANA SITUATION

2. GHANA – Current Situation • Data Sources • The JMP based the 2004 coverage estimates on data from five nationally representative surveys: • DHS - 1988 • DHS – 1993 • MICS – 1995 • DHS – 1998 • DHS – 2003 • The LSS ’88 was not taken into account. Estimates are based on a linear regression of the available data points. Disaggregated data by facility, wealth quintile and province are based on results of the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2003.

3. JMP Findings on Ghana…/1 • Access to improved water supply • Almost 40 percent of the urban population relies on public taps as their main source of drinking water. • The most common source of drinking water for little over 40 percent of the rural population are hand pumps and protected wells • Over 30 percent of the rural population relies on surface water from rivers, lakes, ponds or dams • Access to improved sanitation • 54 percent of the rural population relies on a traditional latrine for defecation. Many of these latrines do not meet the standards for a hygienic latrine, while some may be adequate. Only a proportion of these traditional latrines are counted towards national coverage figures. • 41 percent of urban residents use a Kumasi VIP latrine (KVIP). • Shared toilet facilities are quite common in urban areas • 31 percent of the rural population practice open defecation

4. JMP Findings on Ghana…/2 • Access to both improved water supply and sanitation • Only 43 percent of the population has access to both an improved drinking water source and an improved sanitation facility; 18 percent has neither. Almost a quarter of the population has access to and improved drinking water source, but does not use a sanitary toilet facility. Health impact from safe drinking water and basic sanitation is maximized when households have access to both, and observe basic hygiene practices.

5. Disparities in access between urban and rural areas • Urban drinking water coverage is 31 percentage point higher than rural coverage, 87 percent and 56 percent respectively • Almost three-quarters of the urban population use a sanitary facility in urban areas vs. less than half the rural population. Sanitation coverage is 71 percent and 44 percent respectively. • Striking disparities in coverage between rich and poorThe richest 20 percent are five times more likely to have access to sanitation than the poorest 20 percent of the population. • The richest are two times more likely to use an improved drinking water source as their main source of drinking water, than the poorest.

6. Water & Sanitation coverage Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2003 DHS

7. Trends in Urban/Rural Disparities Source: JMP Special tabulation for Ghana, 2005

8. Trends in Access – the Population Challenge • By 2004, Ghana has experienced a 56% percent increase in its urban population since 1990. Despite the fact that over 2.5 million people in urban areas gained access to an improved drinking water source, this increasing urbanization, meant that drinking water coverage in urban areas only increased by 1 percentage point. Coverage in rural areas increased by 10 percentage points equal to an additional 2.8 million people gaining access over the same period.

9. Source: JMP Special tabulation for Ghana, 2005

10. Towards the MDGs – acceleration needed to meet the targets • In 1990, the baseline year for the MDGs, 40 percent of the population of Ghana had no access to an improved drinking water source and 56 percent did not have access to sanitation. Halving this proportion of people without access by 2015 means bringing these percentages back to 20 and 28 percent respectively – equaling a coverage of 80 percent for drinking water and 72 percent for sanitation. The Government of Ghana has adopted similar targets. • Reaching these targets would bring the total population without water down from 6.9 million in 2004 to 5.3 million in 2015 and from 9.8 million down to 7.4 million for sanitation. • The absolute number of people with access to an improved sanitation facility in 2004 needs to be doubled by 2015.

11. Source: JMP Special tabulation for Ghana, 2005

12. MDG Challenge: How many Ghanaians need to gain access every year until 2015? • To reach these MDG targets, over the period 2004 – 2015, based on the JMP estimates, every year on average 596,000 people need to gain access to an improved water supply and 674,000 to improved sanitation. Compared to the gains over the period 1990 – 2004 where on average respectively 383,000 and 346,000 people yearly gained access to an improved drinking water source and improved sanitation. This means a 56% increase in efforts on water supply and almost a doubling of efforts on sanitation.

13. Source: JMP Special tabulation for Ghana, 2005