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Intro to Acids & Bases

Intro to Acids & Bases. Acids Taste sour Reacts with metals Turns litmus red Conducts electricity. Base Taste bitter Slippery Turns litmus blue Conducts electricity. Properties of Acids & Bases. Ions in Solution. Acidic solutions – contain more H + than OH -

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Intro to Acids & Bases

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  1. Intro to Acids & Bases

  2. Acids Taste sour Reacts with metals Turns litmus red Conducts electricity Base Taste bitter Slippery Turns litmus blue Conducts electricity Properties of Acids & Bases

  3. Ions in Solution • Acidic solutions – contain more H+ than OH- • Basic solutions – contain more OH- than H+ • Neutral solutions – contain equal amounts of H+ and OH-

  4. Autoionization of Water • H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH- • Water is the usual solvent for acids and bases • It produces equal numbers of H3O+ and OH-

  5. Arrhenius Model of Acids & Bases • Acid: a substance that contains H and ionized to produce H+ when dissolved in water. • Base: a substance that contains OH and ionizes to produce OH- when dissolved in water

  6. Arrhenius Model of Acids & Bases • HCl  H+ + Cl- • HCl contains H and ionizes to form H+ • This could be an Arrhenius acid • NaOH  Na+ + OH- • NaOH contains OH and ionized to form OH- • This could be considered an Arrhenius base

  7. Arrhenius Model of Acids & Bases • Although the Arrhenius model is useful in describing many acids and bases, it does not describe them all • For example NH3 contains no OH- ions, but it is a base • A model to describe all bases is needed

  8. Bronsted-Lowry Model • Acid: proton donor • Base: proton acceptor • HX + H20  H3O+ + X- • HX donates an H+ to the water molecule • The water takes the H and is there for considered the base

  9. Bronsted-Lowry Model • Conjugate acid – the species produced when a base accepts the H+ ion from the acid • Conjugate base – the species produced when the acid gives up its H+

  10. Conjugate Acids & Conjugate Bases • Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base of the following reaction… • HX + H20  H3O+ + X- • A B CA CB • Every Bronsted-Lowry interaction involves conjugate acid base pairs

  11. Conjugate Acids & Conjugate Bases • Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base of the following reaction… • NH3 + H20  NH4+ + OH- • B A CA CB

  12. Conjugate Acids & Conjugate Bases • What did you notice that was different about the previous two reactions? • Water was an acid in one and a base in the other • Amphoteric – substance that can act as either an acid or a base

  13. Conjugate Acids & Conjugate Bases • Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base of the following reactions… • NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H20 • A B CB CA • HBr + H2O  H3O+ + Br - • A B CA CB

  14. Neutralization Reactions • Neutralization reactions – acid + base  a salt + water • Neutralization reactions are just a special type of double replacement reactions

  15. Neutralization Reactions • Write the equations for the following neutralization reactions • Acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide • HCH3COO + NH4OH  HOH + NH4CH3COO • Nitric acid and cesium hydroxide • HNO3 + CsOH  HOH + CsNO3

  16. The pH Scale • [H+] is often expressed in very small numbers. Chemists needed an easier way to express [H+] ions • pH is a mathematical scale in which the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution is expressed as a number from 0 to 14. • pH = -log[H+]

  17. Interpreting the pH Scale • pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic.

  18. pH Calculations • pH = -log[H+] • pOH = -log[OH-] • pH + pOH = 14

  19. Calculating pH • What is the pH of a 0.5M HCl solution? • 0.5 mol HCl x 1 mol H+ = 0.5M H+ L 1 mol HCl • pH = -log[H+] • pH = -log[0.5] • pH = 0.3

  20. Calculating pH • Calculate the pH of a 0.0057M HBr solution. • 2.2

  21. Calculating pH • What if we have a base? • What is the pH of a 0.05M NaOH solution? • 0.05 mol NaOH x 1 mol OH- = 0.05M OH- L 1 mol NaOH • pOH = -log[OH-] • pOH = -log[0.05] • pOH = 1.3 • pH + pOH = 14 • pH = 12.7

  22. Calculating pH • Calculate the pH of a 0.000089M KOH solution. • 9.95

  23. Acid/Base Strength • The strength of an acid or a base tells you the degree of ionization • Strong acids & bases break down into many ions • Weak acids & bases break down into just a few ions

  24. Acid/Base Strength

  25. Acid/Base Strength

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