WW II

1. WW II

2. After WWI, 8 million were dead, (112,000 U.S.) America worried of being dragged into another foreign conflict “Alliance w/ none” *Isolationism -withdrawal from world affairs 1920-30s Wanted to avoid “entangling alliances”

3. Disarmament Reducing the size of the country’s military *Washington Conference Met in D.C., focused on naval disarmament and Pacific security *wanted destruction of warships and Naval Holiday (10yr)

4. *5 Power Treaty U.S. and Great Britain 100% Japan 60% France, Italy 30% *4 Power Treaty U.S., Great Britain, France, Japan -respect each other’s territories in Pacific *9 Power Treaty -5 and Belgium, China, Netherlands, Portugal Treaty to uphold Open Door Policy in China Trade/Spheres of Influence

5. Kellogg-Briand Pact Frank Kellogg (U.S. Sec. of St) and Aristide Briand (French Foreign Minister) *agreement to outlaw war 62 countries signed -only go to war in self-defense *weakness showed when Japan attacked Manchuria, led to war with China U.S. and others did nothing

6. Rise of Militarism* 1. Italy and Benito Mussolini Although Italy was part of winning side of WWI, they felt Treaty of Versailles did not benefit them -Many were unemployed, so they joined the Italian Communist Party which began to take over land and factories -to destroy Communism, Benito Mussolini created the Fascist Party to put them down

7. *Fascism -believed in a military dominated govt., should control all aspects of society Communists/fascists battled in a civil war 1922 Blackshirts* marched into Rome King appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister and gave him full dictatorial powers *limited speech, arrested political opponents, restricted voting rights

8. Italian forces went into Ethiopia and took over -U.S. did not support either country anymore Germans felt that aggression would go unpunished!!

9. Stalin and the Soviet Union 1924 Vladimir Lenin died, through corruption Joseph Stalin took over -Stalin turned the Soviet Union into totalitarian state* (country where govt. has complete control) -created labor camps after taking over the land -led to widespread famine b/c of decreased food production -Stalin imposed the powerful Red Army* 30 million died b/c of his policies

10. Joseph Stalin

11. Hitler-National Socialist Party (Nazi) Adolf Hitler survived WWI, spent time in prison and wrote Mein Kampf, “My Struggle” -had his plans to restore German Power *blamed Jews, Communists, intellectuals for Germany’s decline Hitler’s govt. known as Third Reich (3rd Empire)

12. -govt. prohibited Jews and Non-Nazis from holding govt. positions, outlawed strikes, made military service mandatory -Nazi stormtroopers (Brownshirts) Hitler violated Treaty of Versailles and began to rearm By March 1936, Hitler had taken over Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland *Anti-Semitism= Hatred of Jews, became a govt. policy

13. Nuremburg Laws* Deprived Jews of citizenship and authorized the destruction of their property Nov. 9, 1938 Kristallnacht “night of broken glass” Nazis burned down synagogues, destroyed businesses

14. Francisco Franco & Spain Fascism= fascist vs. loyalists (Soviets) Gen. who took over govt. w/ German/Italian help After long war, Franco and fascists won Covered by Ernest Hemingway in For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940***

15. Militarists in Japan Japanese expansion in Asia was rampant Military leaders gained increasing power! *wanted to reduce Western Influence 1931 w/ invasion of Manchuria, Japan violated Washington Conference -they began a rapid naval buildup Japan was successful in attacking China and NO one did anything to stop them

16. WAR???? Oct. 30, 1938 Mercury Theatre led by Orson Welles performed a live radio broadcast of H.G. Wells’ book “The War of the Worlds” -they also staged a series of news reports *Panic spread, many worried of dangerous invaders lurking on the horizon! **it wasn’t space invaders!!!

17. Response to Fascism Spread of fascism in Europe/Asia worried many Soviets were against Japanese expansion Soviets mended relations w/ U.S. 1933 U.S. recognized Soviet Union 1936 Axis Powers formed by Germany, Italy Japan later joined

18. Munich Conference Sept. 1938 4 leaders Hitler, Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain (GB), Edouard Daladier (Fr) European leaders gave into Germany and gave up Sudetenland *Appeasement -giving into demands to avoid a larger conflict GB and others began to rearm

19. December 1937 Japanese attacked U.S. gunboat Panay* and 3 tankers in China -2 killed, many wounded -U.S. reduced role in China rather than declare war March 1939 Hitler took over Czechoslovakia! They threatened Poland, Britain/France said if Germans attacked that they would declare war -Stalin responded by signing a Nonaggression Pact* with Hitler (neither would attack each other, *secretly they would split Poland) *Partitioning of Poland

20. Sept. 1, 1939 Poland was attacked 2 days later, Britain/France= Allied Powers WWII begins***** Soviet troops invaded Poland from East and took Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and eventually Finland U.S. kept avoiding war by selling supplies to other countries, shipped them on foreign ships (Why??)

21. Election of 1940 FDR defeats Wendell Willkie Despite promises, war looks to be unavoidable *Lend-Lease Act -gave weapons, ships, etc. to GB in a lease $7 billion worth Hitler continued his “Blitzkrieg” on Poland and GB (Lightning War) -Germans also attacked *Maginot Line and took Belgium, Denmark, N. France, Netherlands, Norway

22. By Spring 1941, German subs were bombing ships in Atlantic FDR gave a “shoot on sight” order FDR met w/ Winston Churchill (GB) and agreed to Atlantic Charter* -no territorial expansion, freedom of trade, work together against aggressor nations -Fall of 1941, Germans violated Nonaggression Pact, and advanced into Soviet Territory

23. Winston Churchill

24. Back in the Pacific Japan continued expansion in Asia 1941- Japan invades French Indochina causing U.S. to freeze all assets in U.S. Prime Minister Hideki Tojo committed to secret attack on U.S.

25. U.S. had broken the secret code between Tokyo and Japanese embassy in U.S. We knew of a strike, we didn’t know where!!! -shortly before 8:00 AM December 7, 1941 “Tora, Tora, Tora” U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii was attacked U.S. Pacific fleet almost destroyed

26. 20 warships, 200 planes, 2400 killed Including 1,103 sailors on U.S.S. Arizona FDR described Dec. 7 as “a date which will live in infamy” Congress declares war

30. As U.S. entered war, Axis had 2 advantages: • Firm control over invaded areas • Better prepared for war Allies had 2 advantages: • Two front war advantage • U.S. Production!!!

31. Production for War 22,000 to 486,000 working in arsenals -300,000 planes 215 subs, 147 aircraft carriers, 952 warships Great Depression ended unemployment 14% to 1.2% War Production Board/Office of War Mobilization: -helped get people involved in preparations for war Draft- 2/3 of soldiers of WWII

32. Home Front 1. Rosie the Riveter 2. A. Philip Randolph (FEPC) Fair Employment Practices Committee 3. Japanese Internment* • The 10 camps (relocation centers) were located at: • Amache, Colorado • Gila River, Arkansas • Heart Mountain, Wyoming • Jerome, Arkansas • Manzanar, California • Minidoka, Idaho • Poston, Arizona • Topaz, Utah • Tula Lake, California

34. December 8, 1941 U.S. base in Philippines attacked Gen. Douglas MacArthur led Pacific forces -U.S. were forced to retreat to Bataan Peninsula w/o supplies -MacArthur evacuated to Australia b/c of war of attrition

35. Survivors who remained, were forced to surrender, 70,000 sent through jungle to prison camps -over 10,000 died in Bataan Death March Admiral Chester Nimitz led Pacific Fleet out of Hawaii A. Battle of Coral Sea May 7, 1942 stopped Japanese advance towards Australia

36. B. Battle of Midway Japan launched 2 prong attack 1. Near Alaska, hoped to lure fleet away from Hawaii 2. Attack on Midway, 2 small islands north of Hawaii U.S. victory had costly losses for Japan *Navy weakened badly

37. C. Guadacanal 1st major offensive Aug 1942 Solomon Island 6 months held airport U.S. won extremely bloody battle *tide of Pacific in Allies favor

38. Fighting in Europe/Mediterranean Most of 1942 was Axis victory after victory 1. North Africa Germans AFRIKA KORPS led by Commander Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) -got as far as El Alamein -was about to Suez Canal and oil fields of Middle East, but had shortages of men and supplies -Gen. Bernard Montgomery (GB) won battle of El Alamein and Allies took control of North Africa

39. 2. Stalingrad Germany pushed far into Soviet Union -Soviets wanted key city w/ oil fields -w/ horrible winter, few supplies, they wanted to leave and Hitler said No! Allies surrounded and suffered 200,000 casualties *stopped Axis advance **Churchill: “Before El Alamein, we never had a victory, after El Alamein, we never had a defeat!”

40. American Generals North Africa (Morocco, Oron, Algiers, Tunisia) Gen. Dwight Eisenhower 65,000 troops Gen. George Patton -led troops into Sicily and Italy Italy’s king wanted Mussolini arrested Italy signed armistice w/ Allies *Mussolini went to Germany and came back to German base in N. Italy

41. Captured, shot, and hung by Italian Rebels 3. Battle of Atlantic Allies in favor b/c of improved SONAR *U.S. began constant aircraft bombings in Germany

42. Operation Overlord Invasion of German occupied France George Marshall planned the attack Gen. Eisenhower coordinated the mission *placed dummy installations near Calais on English Channel -Allies landed further south at Normandy*

44. June 6, 1944 150,000 U.S., GB, Canadian troops 23,000 airborne troops Planes bombed roads, bridges, German troops Hitler refused to send reinforcements b/c he still believed Calais was the main invasion -Allies penetrated 20 miles in one month -They liberated Paris on Aug. 25, 1944 Germans were in trouble (Allies in west, Soviets in east)

45. Yalta Conference* FDR, Churchill, Stalin -Stalin would declare war on Japan 3 months after Germany surrendered -agreed to divide and occupy Germany after the war and outline new International Peace Organization

46. 1944 Election FDR w/ Harry Truman as vice president defeats Thomas Dewey Wins popular vote and electoral Electoral (432 to 99)

47. Holocaust-Final Solution Nazi Germany’s systematic slaughter of Jews • Shot by squads • Concentration camps (death) *Genocide- deliberate annihilation of an entire people Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek *6 million killed, 2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population

48. Battle of the Bulge Sept. 1944 200,000 Germans vs. 80,000 U.S. -Germans demanded U.S. surrender Gen. Anthony McAuliff- “nuts” Germans were forced to retreat, they were weak and unorganized -Bombers continued to blast German cities like Leipzig and Berlin 30-60,000 died Hitler felt pressure, April 30, 1945 committed suicide in a bunker in Berlin May 7, Germany surrendered

49. Back in the Pacific/Asia *island-hopping= attack and seize strategic Japanese held islands 1. Philippines MacArthur led U.S./Australian forces Battle of Leyte Gulf Last, largest, most decisive Naval attack in Pacific (Japanese Navy completely destroyed) U.S. began to bomb Japanese cities w/ B29 bombers

50. 2. Iwo Jima 6 weeks, very bloody struggle U.S. took Mount Suribachi Joe Rosenthal to a picture that later won him the Pulitzer Prize 3. Okinawa Bloodiest battle in Pacific 49,000 U.S., 100,000 Japanese Japanese didn’t challenge U.S. landing, retreated to southern tip of island (caves) Kamikazes, bombs, flame throwers, April 12, 1945 FDR died, Truman took over