1. Dependency Theory & Underdevelopment

2. Modernization Theory • Dual Economy: modernized subsistence • Internal Colonialism: modernized sector “colonizes” subsistence sector

3. Dependency Theory • 1970s reaction to modernization theory • ECLA economists: U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America • Unequal exchange: center -- manufactures periphery– provides raw materials to center & buys goods from center

4. Underdevelopment: A. Frank • Undevelopment (tradition) vs. Underdevelopment (created by colonization & world capitalism) • West never underdeveloped, so theories of modernization in appropriate

5. World Systems Theory:I. Wallerstein • Core: industrialized West • Periphery: non-industrialized societies • Semi-periphery: mix features of core & periphery  Periphery supplies raw materials to core & buys manufactured products

6. Underdevelopment 1. Do not mistake underdevelopment for tradition 2. The weight of tradition rarely slows modernization

7. Invention of Tradition 1. There’s not much “tradition” left anywhere on the globe 2. Modernization spurs the invention of “our authentic traditions”

8. “Little Tradition” Cultures • Way of life & worldview shattered • depopulation: 50% - 75% • psychologically traumatized • spiritual renewal movements: New Guinea “Cargo Cult” as case study

9. “Little” & “Great” Traditions • Modernization -- schools, bureaucracies, factories mixed with • Underdevelopment -- unemployment & informal sector -- slums & rural areas

10. Underdevelopment • System: economic transformations new nations & political systems • Milieu: family social relationships work community • Individual: psychological consequences

11. System: Economics • Dual economy: modern vs. subsistence  “Articulation” of modes of production • Dependent development: specialization in periphery to serve core • Involution: intensification of traditional practices

12. System: Economics • Un- & under-employment • Education out-strips job growth • Class stratification: Westernized elite vs. masses

13. System: Politics • New Nations: fragile & failed states ethnic conflict • Regimes: Dictatorships & “crony” democracy Secret police & death squads  “cultures of terror”?

14. Milieu: Family Attachment • Tradition: little choice but loyalty social support but oppressive • Modernity: little choice but separation autonomy but isolating • Underdev: neither loyalty nor separation ambivalence

15. Milieu: Social Relationships Patron-Client Relationships: • Traditional reciprocity systems • Informal networks • Proto-familial • Reciprocity becomes corruption

16. Milieu: Work • Traditional sectors become backwards “pockets of poverty” • “Informal” sector peddlers • Women: domestics & sex workers • Seasonal migration • Migration to industrialized countries

17. Milieu: Community • Traditional sectors: high population per resources, but empty of young men • Slums and “populaire” neighborhoods – disorganization & anomie • Domestic migrant communities? • Migrant – immigrant communities

18. Individual: Psychology • Demoralization: loss of meaning alcoholism; spiritual revival movements • Westoxication: pursuit of Westernization, with derision of one’s “backwardness” • Rejection of Westernization: defense of the “authenticity” of one’s traditions  Ambivalent & volatile identities

19. Women and Development • Development and underdevelopment mixed in same household: 1. Women often neglected by development 2. Men’s development lowers women’s status 3. Women exploited by development 4. Women’s development key to nation’s