Environmental Science

1. Environmental Science Unit 1 - Studying the Earth

2. Chapter 1.1 Parts of Earth Objectives • Locate Earth in a diagram of the solar system. • Identify and describe the three layers of Earth.

3. Chapter 1.1 Parts of Earth Locate Earth in a diagram of the solar system.

4. Chapter 1.1 Parts of the Earth Identify and describe the three layers of Earth. Earth can be divided into three major layers (aka ‘sphere’s). • lithosphere • hydrosphere • atmosphere

5. Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Land & Water Objectives • Describe the three main types of rocks that make up the lithosphere. • Explain why fresh water is a valuable resource for organisms.

6. Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Land • Describe the three main types of rocks that make up the lithosphere. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

7. Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Water • Explain why fresh water is a valuable resource for organisms. Greater than 70% of surface is covered by water. HOWEVER More than 97% of the water is salt water. ADDITIONALLY Of the remaining 3% of the fresh water , 2/3 of it is locked up in glaciers and ice caps. LEAVING US . . . Less than 1% available for our use.

8. Chapter 1.3 The Air Objectives • Diagram the layers of the atmosphere. • Describe the characteristics of each layer.

9. Thermosphere Troposhpere Height, above the Mesosphere and up. (debate about how far out it actually extends)Key Feature , this is the hotest layer of our atmosphere, temperatures as high as 2,000°C – however the gas molecules are extremely far apart. Mesosphere Height from above the Stratosphere to about 80 Km. Key Feature , this is the coldest layer of our atmosphere, temperatures as low as -100°C Stratosphere Height is beyond Troposphere to ~50Km, Composition ozone is found here (O3) , Key Features Jet stream is found here, airline travel takes advantage of. Thickness 16-18 Km by Equator & ~10 Km near poles, Composition 78% N2 & 21% O2, Key Feature most of our weather occurs here. Earth’s Surface

10. Chapter 1.4 The Biosphere Objectives • Describe the location of the biosphere. • Explain how organisms interact with the biosphere.

11. Chapter 1.4 Biosphere’s Location Biosphere – all part of Earth that support life Extends from the tops of the highest mountains to the bottom of the deepest oceans. HOWEVER That is ONLY a thickness of about 20 Km. ADDITIONALLY Most life lives between 500 m below the ocean’s surface to 6 Km above sea level. LEAVING US . . . With a layer about as thick as the skin of an apple to support life.

12. Chapter 1.4 Biosphere’s interaction My daily processes continually interact with the hydrosphere (water to drink) and the atmosphere (air to breathe). And By eating I process trace elements of the lithosphere.

13. Gaia hypothesis offers a different way of viewing Earth: • A holistic way, instead of a reductionistic way. • A view of mutualism, not separationism • Amazing ability of maintaining its homeostasis (30% increase in solar radiation, but the same temperature about 15C) • Gaia does incorporate evolution • Opinion of human beings as the weed of mammals? The cancer of Gaia Chapter 1 Gaia hypothesis

14. Table 1 - Chapter 1 - Planet Earth Word Bank Chapter 1 Words to be familiar with

15. Objectives • Explain why there is always uncertainty in science. • Distinguish between subjects that can and cannot be studied scientifically. Only one color, but not one size, Stuck at the bottom, yet easily flies, Present in sun, but not in rain, Doing no harm, and feeling no pain.What am I? With pointed fangs it sits in wait, With piercing force its doles out fate, Over bloodless victims proclaiming its might, Eternally joining in a single bite. What am I? Chapter 2.1 The Nature of Science As we made guesses, (our hypothesis) we also used the additional information to modify our ideas - we kept making our hypothesis better.

16. Objectives • Distinguish between subjects that can and cannot be studied scientifically. Simply put – to be studied scientifically, a subject must be observable and testable. Ethics and personal values cannot be studied scientifically! Chapter 2.1 The Nature of Science (continued)

17. Objectives • Describe the steps involved in conducting a scientific experiment. The order of steps in a scientific method can vary. Most scientific methods to solving a problem , however, include defining the problem, stating a hypothesis analyzing the results of the test and drawing conclusions. Chapter 2 Skills & Methods (of Science)

18. Variables are factors that change in an experiment. A dependent variable can change in response to changes in the independent variable. • With a control set-up , the variable being testing is missing. May we burn her ? Chapter 2.2 Methods of Science (Continued) Let’s examine BAD scientific method . . .

19. OBSERVE Ask Questions Hypothesize Chapter 2 Designing an Experiment Evaluate Hypothesize Predict Design Experiment Analyze Data Gather Data

20. Objectives • Give examples of how parts of the environment interact. • Explain why policy must balance the needs of the environment with the needs of society. Environment • Everything that surrounds an organism. Biotic Factors • All the living parts of the environment. Chapter 2.3 – Environmental Science Abiotic Factors • all the non-living parts of the environment.

21. Chapter 2.3 Environmental Science • Explain why policy must balance the needs of the environment with the needs of society. There Are No Second Chances. There is no other planet that we know of that harbors life like Earth. Once life on Earth is diminished beyond a certain threshold it may no longer sustain humanity.

22. Table 2 - Chapter 2 – The Nature of Science Word Bank Chapter 2 Words to be familiar with

23. Chapter 3 - Change in the Biosphere 3.1 The Changing Environment • Describe ways in which the three layers of the biosphere have changed over time.

24. 12:00 Midnight 6:00 AM 6:00 PM 12:00 Noon • Earth’s age ~ 4.5 billion years, • Humans have only been around for ~ ½ million years. Chapter 3.1 –The Changing Environment Humans have only been around a short time, only appearing 30 seconds before midnight.

25. World Tectonic Map to Label

26. Continual Change includes: LITHOSPHERE • Weathering is the continual process of breaking down rocks & Erosion is the process whereby that material is carried off. The main agents for both is H2O Chapter 3 – The Changing Environment

27. HYDROSPHERE • Ice Ages Cooling of the Earth’s climate is associated with periods ofglaciation. These glaciers are responsible for major geographical features: Cape Cod, Great Lakes and the Finger Lakes in NY • El Nino nutrient-poor warm water lasting longer than usual which leads to death of fish (economic impact) Chapter 3 – Continual Change includes:

28. ATMOSPHERE • Atmospheric Changes Approximately 1 billion years after plants first evolved photosynthesis – the first discernable amounts of O2 were found. The gas that most contributes to the greenhouse effect is CO2. Chapter 3 – Continual Change includes: Stromatalites – a bacteria (shown here) are believed to have been the first life that began on the shores of ancient oceans.

29. Atmospheric Changes

30. Objectives • List factors that affect an area’s ability to support life. • Predict how changes in the environment might affect organisms. Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms

31. Ways organisms deal with extreme climates include: Plants: • May lie dormant (in seed form) for years Warm-blooded: • Wider range of tolerance, but requires greater energy Cold-blooded: • Gain heat from sun Chapter 3.2 – Survival Hibernation: • Slow breathing • Lower body temperature • Slow heart rate

32. Needs include: most important requirement for all living things Water Nutrients Provide: • Energy • Aids biochemical reactions • Build up tissues w/ in bodies Food and Energy Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms Living Space Their territoryprovides water, food and a place to live (shelter)

33. Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms

34. Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms

35. Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms (continued)

36. Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms (continued)

37. Needs of Organism Quiz LINK

38. Sorry ‘bout yesterday – someone accused me of being mean and that was not me desire.

39. Objectives • Describe the structure of an ecosystem. • Relate the concept of habitat destruction to the lose of biodiversity. Chapter 3.3 – TheEcosystem

40. Example Species • Group of organism so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring + The type of environment in which a particular species lives is itshabitat Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem Total range in which a species can live is its geographical range

41. The variety of species in an ecosystem is known as biodiversity Ecosystem • All the communities that live and interact in the same area as well as the abiotic features Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem Community • All the populations that live and interact in the same area Population • Same species living in same area

42. Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem - Finis Habitat destruction is the largest of the many threats to biodiversity At least 90 percent of areas now inhabited by great apes - gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos (pygmy chimps) in Africa and orangutans in southeast Asia - will be affected within 30 years unless urgent action is taken now, UNEP said.

43. Quiz – Chapter 3 1. Relatively speaking, if Earth time were reduced to 24 hours humans only appeared ____________ ago. 2. ___________ is the continual process of breaking down rocks , generally done by H2O 3. _____________ is nutrient-poor warm water lasting longer than usual which leads to death of fish. 4. Approximately 1 billion years after plants first evolved _____________ freed oxygen for use by organisms. 5. Warm-blooded animals have a wider range of environmental tolerance, but requires greater ____________ .

44. 6. The most important requirement for all living things is ___________. 7. Organism’s ___________ provides (Q6), food and a place to live (shelter). 8. The type of environment in which a particular species lives is its ___________. 9. A __________ is all the populations that live and interact in the same area. 10. Habitat destruction is the largest of the many threats to _______________.