European State Consolidation in the 17 th & 18 th Century

1. European State Consolidation in the 17th & 18th Century AP EURO- Chapter 13 Age of Absolutism & Constitutionalism in Western Europe

2. The Netherlands (The Dutch Republic) • The Dutch Republic emerged as an independent nation in the mid 1500’s

3. The Netherlands (The Dutch Republic 17th & 18th Centuries) • Political organization: • 1. Not governed by absolute monarch • 2. Political power in hands of wealthy merchants • 3. 7 Independent provinces negotiated with Central government

4. The Dutch Republic • Europe’s leading commercial power during the 17th century • 1. Dutch fleet largest in the world • 2. Overseas commercial empire • 3. Large urban population

5. Dutch Republic – Commercial Exports • 1. Farming (beef, fish, dairy, tulips) • 2. Ship building • 3. Textile production • Johannes Vermeer- “the Lacemaker”-1669

6. Economic Prosperity in the Netherlands (Dutch Republic) • Dutch replaced the Italians as the “bankers” of Europe • Amsterdam Exchange Bank established 1609 • Johannes Vermeer- “Lady with her Maidservant” -> • Economic Decline- 18th century

7. Art During the Dutch Golden Age – Johannes Vermeer

8. Art During the Dutch Golden Age • Johannes Vermeer “Girl with a Pearl Earring”- 1665-1666

9. 17th & 18th Century • England, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia Established/Maintained: • 1. Strong Monarchies • 2. Standing armies • 3.Efficient tax structures • 4. Large Bureaucracies (appointed govt. officials) • 5. the Loyalty of their nobility

10. 1. Parliamentary Monarchy: England Parliament & Monarch work together Parliament is summoned by King 2. Political Absolutism: France Monarch should have unlimited power 2 Models of Government Emerged:

11. In England, • Political model: Parliamentary Monarchy • Parliament was dominated by landowners & nobles • 17th & 18th century “Age of Aristocracy”

12. 1. James I (ruled:1603-1625) • Believed in the “Divine Right of Kings” • And Rarely called on Parliament

13. King James I of England “ Kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit on God’s throne, but even by God himself they are called gods.” - King James I

14. The Duke Of Buckingham • James I’s Favorite noble • Sold noble titles to highest bidders • The Nobility was outraged!

15. James I • Negotiated Peace with Spain in 1604 • Parliament not happy • 1624 England went to war with Spain (again) • Needed $ for war…

16. Charles I ( Ruled 1625-1649) • Son of James I - Became King 1625 • Raised taxes without Parliament permission • “Forced Loan” taximposed on English property owners • Imprisoned those who refused to pay

17. Parliament’s Response 1628: • Willing to approve $ for king ONLY if he agreed to the • Petition of Right: • 1. No forced loans –”without consent by act of Parliament” • 2. No imprisonment w/o due cause • 3. No quartering of troops in private homes

18. King Charles I • Agreed to petition… • But then dissolved the Parliament in 1629

19. The Short Parliament • King Charles forced to call on Parliament in 1640 (April – May) • Because he Needed $ for war against Scotland

20. Parliament • Refused to give funds until King Charles I addressed a long list of grievances • As a result… • King Charles I dissolved Parliament again!

21. Long Parliament (1640-1660) • Scots defeated English (summer 1640) • King Charles I was forced to call on Parliament • How will members of Parliament react to the king?

22. English Civil War Began When… (1642-1646) • Parliament overthrew King Charles I • King’s Supporters= Cavaliers • Parliamentary Opposition= roundheads

23. Parliament Victorious • 1. Formed an Alliance w/ Scotland to overthrow King Charles I • 2. Oliver Cromwell led Parliament army

24. Charles I Was Defeated! • and Executed in 1649 • 1619-1660 England became : • A Puritan Republic • <- Oliver Cromwell emerged as political ruler / new military dictator

25. Oliver Cromwell • Conquered Scotland & Ireland • Disbanded Parliament • Proclaimed himself “Lord Protector” • Supported by army

26. Oliver Cromwell’s Strict Puritanical Moral Code: • Prohibited: • Dancing, gambling, theatre going, alcohol, sports, freedom of the press • People disliked Cromwell’s strict, harsh, Puritanical rule 

27. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 • English people restored the monarchy • Charles II became King 1660 _ • His Father was Charles I

28. King Charles II (ruled: 1660-1685) • “Stuart Restoration” • Leaned lessons from past Kings- don’t mess with Parliament! • Tolerant of religious groups,but favored Catholicism

29. The Popish Plot, 1678 • Titus Oates swore before a court… • That Jesuits were planning to kill King Charles II!! • And replace him with his Catholic Brother, James !

30. Accusation A Lie, However… • 1. Stirred up anti-Catholic sentiments • 2. Parliament believed Oates • 3. Innocent people tried & executed for treason

31. As A Result, • Catholics were banned from Parliament in1678 • Ironically, Charles II converted to Catholicism on his deathbed (1685)

32. James II (R. 1685-1688) • Brother of Charles II • Unpopular monarch • 1. Catholic = controversial • Why? • 2. Absolute ruler

33. James II Repealed the • Test Act – required all civil & military officials of the crown to swear an oath against the doctrine of Transubstantiation

34. Monarch vs. Parliament (again) • Parliament was upset, so… • James II dissolved Parliament!! • Appointed Catholics to high positions in court, army.

35. English People Fed Up With Political Instability • People wanted James II ‘s Protestant Daughter Mary to succeed him… • But then James II HAD A SON…

36. The End of James II’S Reign • An army was sent to depose him… • James II forced to flee -to France • 1689 Parliament Proclaimed : • Mary II & William III King & Queen • “Glorious Revolution” – a bloodless event.

37. Parliamentary Monarchy- England Power struggles between King & Parliament 17TH Century. 1. James I (1603), Charles I (1625) 2. Oliver Cromwell ‘s Puritan Republic (deviation from Monarchy (1619-1660) 3. Charles II (1660), James II (1685) 4. “Glorious Revolution” – William & Mary, 1689

38. William & Mary Established • Bill of Rights • 1. Limited powers of monarchy • 2. Guaranteed civil liberties for privileged • 3. Monarchs subject to law • 4. Monarchs would rule by consent of parliament • 5. Prohibited Catholics from occupying English Throne

39. Making Connections… • College of William & Mary • Founded 1693 in Williamsburg, Virginia (U.S.A.) • Second oldest University in U.S.A • Educated 3 Future Presidents :Thomas Jefferson, John Tyler & James Monroe

40. College of William & Mary

41. In France… • French culture & political power dominated Europe in the 18th century

42. Political Absolutism in France • King had absolute power • “French Absolutism”

43. Louis XIV of France • Became King of France 1643 • At age 4! • Mother Anne of Austria served as regent

44. Anne of Austria Relied On… • Italian Cardinal Jules Mazarin to lead govt. • Until Louis was old enough to rule • Both seen as “outsiders” by French

45. In 1648 Nobles protested • rising taxes • Rebelled against the crown • Broke into 9 year old Louis’ bedroom! • Revolt = The Fronde • The FRONDE meant to limit the power of the monarch, not overthrow

46. Louis XIV - 1661 • Became King (officially) at age 23 • Ruled through Councils • Favored “new nobles” • “new nobles” owed him the favor, and were loyal

47. “The Sun King”- Louis XIV • “L’etat Ces’t Moi!” • “I am the State” • Demonstrated his wealth, power, and authority

48. Versailles Palace • Louis XVI ‘s grand display of Kingship • Built between 1676-1708 • In Outskirts of Paris • King Louis XIV understood the impact of visual imagery & public image

49. Versailles • Largest secular structure in Europe • Wanted to create the grandest, most luxurious Palace in all of Europe

50. Versailles Gardens