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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program. Session I.1 Introduction to Earthquake Science: A Historical Perspective April 3, 2006 CETRAC, Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program. Topics covered in this talk: Global Mosaic of Earthquakes

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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

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  1. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Session I.1 Introduction to Earthquake Science: A Historical Perspective April 3, 2006 CETRAC, Sri Lanka

  2. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Topics covered in this talk: • Global Mosaic of Earthquakes • Milestones in Seismology • Historically Significant Earthquakes • Statistical Features of Seismicity

  3. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

  4. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

  5. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

  6. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Milestones in Seismology Ca 132 BC: First seismoscope, showing the direction of incoming earthquake waves, is developed in China. 1875: The first seismometer is invented by Filippo Cecchi in Italy. 1889: A distant earthquake is recorded instrumentally for the first time. The recording is made in Potsdam, Germany of a Japanese earthquake.

  7. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Map of Earthquake Locations by Mallet, 1868.

  8. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Milestones in Seismology 1892: John Milne develops a seismometer, which is installed at approximately 40 observatories around the world. This is the beginning of global earthquake monitoring. 1906: Richard Oldham discovers Earth’s core by studying seismic waves. 1909: Andrija Mohorovicic discovers the moho discontinuity, which is the boundary between Earth’s crust and mantle. 1935: Charles Richter develops the magnitude scale (the so-called “Richter’s magnitude scale”), which is used for determining the size of earthquakes as applied in Southern California.

  9. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Milestones in Seismology 1936: Inge Lehmann from Denmark discovers the Earth’s inner core. 1961: The World-Wide Standardized Seismic Network (WWSSN) is established for monitoring both earthquakes and nuclear testing. WWSSN is later overtaken by IRIS. 1966: Keiiti Aki defines seismic moment, which is a physical measure of the magnitude of an earthquake. 1969-72: Apollo astronauts place a seismometer on the Moon, and the first "moonquakes" are registered. 1977: Hiroo Kanamori establishes the moment magnitude scale, which is a measure of earthquake magnitude based on seismic moment.

  10. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program 1984: The US National Science Foundation and US Geological Survey provide funding for a new, digital seismic network, the GSN. to replace the aging WWSSN. 1996: The International Data Center is established in Vienna and seismic monitoring is done through the International Monitoring System (IMS). The IMS makes use of many stations of the GSN.

  11. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Earthquakes As Natural Disasters

  12. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • 10 Most Destructive Natural Disasters in the Last 100 years: • 1970 Hurricane (Bangladesh): 300,000 • 2004 Earthquake & Tsunami (Indonesia): 278,000 • 1976 Earthquake (China): 250,000 • 1991 Hurricane (Bangladesh): 140,000 • 1970: Earthquake/landslide (Peru): 60,000 • 1990: Earthquake (Iran): 50,000 • 1988: Earthquake (Armenia): 25,000 • 1978: Earthquake (Iran): 25,000 • 1995: Volcanic eruption (Columbia): 23,000 • 1976: Earthquake: (Guatemala): 22,000

  13. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Historically Significant Earthquakes • San Francisco 1906 • Anchorage, Alaska 1964 • Mexico City 1985 • Armenia 1988 • Loma Prieta (San Francisco) 1989 • Northridge (Los Angeles) 1994 • Kobe, Japan 1995

  14. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • San Francisco • April 18, 1906 , early morning • 8.3M, 750-2,500 casualties • First major urban earthquake • The Great Fire

  15. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program San Francisco Liquefaction

  16. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Anchorage • March 27, 1964 5:36 PM • 8.6M, 800 km-long rupture • 120 casualties from tsunami • Largest earthquake in US history • Initiation of US earthquake hazard program

  17. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Anchorage, 1964– Surface Rupture Fault trace

  18. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Anchorage, 1964– Landslide Effect

  19. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Anchorage, 1964– Tsunami

  20. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Mexico City • September 18, 1985 7:17 AM • 7.8M, $4 billion damage • 8,000 casualties, 30,000 injured, 50,000 homeless • Severe impacts in center of city (soil amplification)

  21. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

  22. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Armenia or “Spitak” Earthquake • December 7, 1988 11:41 AM • 6.8M, $14 billion damage • 25,000 casualties, 15,000 injured, 100,000 homeless • Most severe event in USSR in 40 years Surface Rupture

  23. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Loma Prieta, the “World Series Quake” • October 17, 1989 5:04 PM • 7.1M, $7 billion damage • 63 casualties, 3,700 injured, 12,000 displaced • San Andreas Fault, ~50 km south of San Francisco • Severe liquefaction

  24. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Northridge • January 17, 1994 4:31 AM • 6.7M, $20 billion damage • 57 deaths, thousands injured • 24,000 buildings damaged

  25. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

  26. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program • Kobe, Japan • January 17, 1995 5:46 AM • 6.9M, $100 billion damage • 5,300 casualties, 33,000 injured • Amplification in filled land

  27. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Kobe, Japan 1995– Damage to Transportation System

  28. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Earthquake Statistics

  29. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Earthquake Statistics

  30. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program

  31. Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program Earthquake Statistics

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