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Chapter 2

Chapter 2 . by David G. Messerschmitt. Definitions. What is an application ? What is a technology ? What is information technology ? What is the relationship between application and technology?. Application. Application = something that puts technology to use to the benefit of someone

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 by David G. Messerschmitt

  2. Definitions • What is an application? • What is a technology? • What is information technology? • What is the relationship between application and technology?

  3. Application • Application = something that puts technology to use to the benefit of someone • Technology = something that puts scientific principles to use • Terms are relative (e.g. Pentium/PC) • In this course, we are interested in the level at which technology meets users (people) and organizations

  4. Types of applications • Individual = entertainment or productivity • Social = groups of users • Information management = access to or manipulation of information • Educational = contribute to learning or training • Organizational = aid mission or operations

  5. Important ingredients • Information technology • Information • Users (people) • A purpose or mission (application)

  6. Social Applications by David G. Messerschmitt

  7. Social Applications • Categories of user groups • Styles of social applications • Illustrative social applications

  8. Objectives • Identify distinctive types of user groups • In terms of impact on application needs • Identify distinctive types of social applications • In terms of applicability to different groups • Note: terminology specific to networked applications, not general society • e.g. citizenry

  9. Group Characteristics • What characteristics of a group are relevant to • application design and features • information technology infrastructure

  10. Group Characteristics • Size • Narrowness of purpose • Duration • Frequency and type of interaction • Social relationships • communication links • trust (individual and generalized) • expectations and routines

  11. Group characteristics (cont.) • Technology accessibility • Language skills

  12. Group classification • Note: any classification is imperfect • Goal is insight into different application requirements • Individual • Task group • Work group • Interest group • Citizenry

  13. Categories of user groups Task group Individual Citizenry Work group Interest group

  14. User groups • What are some examples of: • Task group? • Work group? • Interest group? • Citizenry • In: • University? • Company?

  15. Important to application style Individual Task group Work group Each member knows the other members Loose-knit social organization Interest group Citizenry

  16. Important for infrastructure requirements Individual Task group Interaction does not have full attention of users Does Work group Interest group Citizenry

  17. Task Characteristics • Communication • Coordination

  18. Communication Applications

  19. Some Examples • Newsgroup • Chatroom • Telephony • Web Board • Net Meeting

  20. Styles of social applications Immediate Deferred Direct Full attention of users required? Publication Other group members known?

  21. Styles (con’t) Immediate Deferred Direct Infrastructure delay requirements? Publication One or two-way communication?

  22. Styles (con’t) Immediate Deferred Direct • In which box would you put? • Remote conferencing • World-wide Web • Pointcast • Facsimile • Television broadcast • Electronic and voice mail Publication

  23. Styles (con’t) Immediate Deferred Direct • In which box would you put? • Newsgroup • Calendar and scheduling • Chatroom • Telephony • Groupware Publication

  24. Some variations Immediate Deferred Direct ??  Voice mail Messaging  ?? Publication ??  Newsgroup Broadcast video  ?? ??  World-wide Web

  25. Task group Immediate Deferred Direct What is the appropriate role for each box in a task group? Publication

  26. Work group Immediate Deferred Direct What is the appropriate role for each box in a work group? Publication

  27. Interest group Immediate Deferred Direct What is the appropriate role for each box in an interest group? Publication

  28. What has changed? Immediate Deferred Direct How does networked computing change the world (if at all) in each box? Publication

  29. Citizenry Immediate Deferred Direct What is the appropriate role for each box in the citizenry? Publication

  30. Coordination Applications • Resource allocation • Monitoring and notification • Collective decision-making

  31. Examples • Collaborative authoring • Calendar and scheduling • Awareness • Who’s available now? • Who did this? • Electronic voting

  32. What Kinds of Groups? • Resource allocation • Monitoring and notification • Collective decision-making

  33. Issues in social applications • How effective is remote collaboration relative to personal interaction? • What are some advantages/disadvantages of geographic dispersal to organizations? • What are the relative merits of immediate and deferred styles?

  34. Information management by David G. Messerschmitt

  35. Summary • Information management for individual user • Information management as an element of a social application

  36. How networked computing helps information management • Timeliness • Wider access • Processing • Multimedia • Social aspect

  37. How networked computing helps • Timeliness • Access • Processing • Multimedia • Social aspect What are some specific ways these can help (or hurt) organizations?

  38. Participants Author or publisher Indexer or organizer User Librarian or teacher Recommender

  39. Participants User Author or publisher Indexer or organizer Librarian or teacher Recommender Who fills these roles in an organizational context? How might these roles be affected by networked computing?

  40. Push vs. pull User Control over what is provided Time when it is provided Pull Push • Intermediate cases: • Notification • Subscription Publisher

  41. Push vs. pull User Pull Push Publisher What are some examples of each in an organizational context?

  42. Proper roles of push and pull? Pull: work Brainstorming Accessing documents Push: attention Notification of topic Notification of document availability Reminder of deadlines As networked computing grows, the deluge of information and communication can overwhelm the individual unless we use it wisely

  43. Finding useful information • Search • Browse • Navigate

  44. Others can help • Author: Hyperlink • Author or third party: Index • Metadata • Reviews or recommendations

  45. Social information access • A group can collectively access information • Examples: • Remote collaboration • Problem solving, e.g. customer service • Aid of librarian or teacher

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