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Lecture 24

Lecture 24. Artificial Intelligence (S&G, §§13.1–13.3). Definition of Artificial Intelligence. “ Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems,

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Lecture 24

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  1. Lecture 24 Artificial Intelligence (S&G, §§13.1–13.3) CS 100 - Lecture 24

  2. Definition of Artificial Intelligence • “Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, • that is, systems that exhibit the characteristic we associate with intelligence in human behavior — • understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems, and so on.” — Handbook of Artif. Intell., vol. I, p. 3 CS 100 - Lecture 24

  3. “Thinking Machines” • Could a machine think? • What do we mean by “thinking”? • How could we tell if a machine were thinking? • One pragmatic approach to these issues is the Turing Test CS 100 - Lecture 24

  4. The Turing Test • Two humans and a computer play the “imitation game” • Interrogator communicates with other two through an interface that hides superficial differences • Computer tries to fool interrogator into thinking it is the human subject • The human tries to help the interrogator to conclude that the other subject is the computer CS 100 - Lecture 24

  5. The Turing Test CS 100 - Lecture 24

  6. Controversy • The Turing Test is widely accepted • But controversial • Is it too hard? • Is it too easy? • If a machine could pass the Turing Test, would we be justified in concluding it had a mind? • What do you think? CS 100 - Lecture 24

  7. Turing’s Optimism • In 1950 Turing wrote, “I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 109, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning.” • Hasn’t happened … CS 100 - Lecture 24

  8. Turing’s Optimism (2) • “I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted.” • Also hasn’t happened • Nevertheless, computers have been programmed to do many “intelligent” things and AI techniques are used in many applications CS 100 - Lecture 24

  9. Major Kinds of Intelligent Tasks • Computational • calculation (in the broad sense) • computers do better than people • Reasoning • planning • making decisions • computers follow rules mechanically, people follow them intuitively • Recognition & action • humans (& other animals) do very well • contemporary computers do poorly CS 100 - Lecture 24

  10. Foundations of Intelligence • General inferential procedures • allow the interrelation of any facts or hypotheses • “if all M are P and S is an M, then S is P” • “inference engine” • Knowledge • general: “all birds have wings” • specific: “Shakespeare wrote Hamlet” • “knowledge base” CS 100 - Lecture 24

  11. Knowledge Representation • Natural language • statements • Formal logic • formulas • Graphical • networks • Pictorial • images CS 100 - Lecture 24

  12. Specific propositions General propositions Natural Language Representation • Spot is a brown dog, and, like any dog, has four legs and a tail. Also, like any dog, Spot is a mammal, which means Spot is warm-blooded. • More formally: • Spot is a dog. • Spot is brown. • Every dog has four legs. • Every dog has a tail. • etc. CS 100 - Lecture 24

  13. Spot is a dog Spot is brown Every dog has four legs Every dog has a tail Every dog is a mammal Every mammal is warm-blooded dog(Spot) brown(Spot) (x)(dog(x) four-legged(x)) (x)(dog(x)  tail(x)) (x)(dog(x)  mammal(x)) (x)(mammal(x)  warm-blooded(x)) Formal Language(Symbolic Logic) CS 100 - Lecture 24

  14. Motivation for Formal Logic • Formal logic permits inference to be reduced to a mechanical process • Inference depends on the form of expressions, not their meaning • Therefore, inference may be programmed by detecting the relevant forms, and rearranging the formulas • Reducing inference to a calculus CS 100 - Lecture 24

  15. Graphical Representation(Semantic Net) mammal warm- blooded four-legs dog Example Inference tail Spot brown CS 100 - Lecture 24

  16. Pictorial Representation(Image-based) • Much information is implicit in an image • But can be extracted when needed • Humans have prototype images for each basic category • Brains use a kind of analog computing for image manipulation CS 100 - Lecture 24

  17. Desirable Characteristics of aKnowledge Representation System • Adequacy • Can it capture all the relevant knowledge? • Efficiency • How large is the representation, and how easily can implicit knowledge be made explicit? • Extendability • Can we add new concepts, properties, individuals, rules of inference? • Appropriateness • Is it well suited to the intended knowledge domain? CS 100 - Lecture 24

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