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PROPAGANDA

PROPAGANDA. DEFINITIONS. Definitions of Propaganda. From Latin propagatio : to grow, to spread, to multiply. Propaganda = to disseminate, to propagate but also: distort, manipulate, brainwash…. Or, maybe propaganda is:. any statement from a source we don’t like

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PROPAGANDA

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  1. PROPAGANDA DEFINITIONS

  2. Definitions of Propaganda • From Latin propagatio: to grow, to spread, to multiply. • Propaganda = to disseminate, to propagate but also: distort, manipulate, brainwash…

  3. Or, maybe propaganda is: any statement from a source we don’t like (Joseph Schumpeter, 1966)

  4. Or, maybe… • We cannot define it but we know when we see it. • When in 1964 Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart tried to define what is obscenity, he said, "I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced, but I know it when I see it . . .”

  5. Is propaganda just another form of persuasion? For example: • Marketing = selling • School = teaching • The Church = proselytizing • Politics = propagandizing • The Military = indoctrinating

  6. Jowett and O’Donnell Definition • Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist

  7. Definition: further refinements • A sub-set of both information and persuasion. • Tries to look like informative communication and persuasion • Tries to control information flow • Manages public perception and opinion • Well-being of the audience is not a primary concern.

  8. Definition: further refinements • Does not seek mutual understanding or mutual fulfillment of needs. • Is deliberate and systematic • (often) Conceals true purpose • (often)Conceals propagandist’s true identity • Ultimate object of propaganda is behavior change

  9. Kellner’s definition. Kellner (1992).The Persian Gulf TV War (p. 194) Propaganda is a mode of discourse intended to persuade, to manipulate, and to indoctrinate its audience into accepting policies that they might not otherwise support.

  10. Kellner’s definition. Kellner (1992).The Persian Gulf TV War (p. 194) It attempts to squash questioning and criticism by dramatizing evil and concealing facts that might be embarrassing for the forces disseminating the propaganda.

  11. Kellner’s definition. Kellner (1992).The Persian Gulf TV War (p. 194) Propaganda is a discourse that legitimates certain interests and polices while providing a one-sided, simplified, and distorted, but not necessarily totally untrue, view of events or people.

  12. Kellner’s definition. Kellner (1992).The Persian Gulf TV War (p. 194) Propaganda might not be purely false. Propaganda is not mere lies and must appeal to facts, though often selectively.

  13. Types of propaganda • Defined by • the purpose of propaganda (the ends) • the methods used (the means) • the source

  14. Political propaganda • Political propaganda appears when a group, usually a government or one of its agencies, uses techniques or influence in order to achieve political goals which are clearly distinguished and quite precise

  15. Sociological propaganda • Sociological propaganda: an attempt to influence individuals to accept or assimilate the dominant economic and political ideologies/ beliefs of the society

  16. Propaganda of Agitation • Propaganda of Agitation: an attempt to agitate emotions. Leads to changes. • Usually subversive and oppositional

  17. Propaganda of Integration • Propaganda of Integration: Seeks to obtain stable accepting behavior

  18. The source: (usually concealed) • Vertical (from the top) • Horizontal(from within, same level) • White(identified, information tends to be accurate, but biased) • Black(unidentified/misidentified and false) • Gray

  19. The Methods (the means) • Concealed Purpose • Disinformation • The False Statement (pretended to be true) • The Deliberate Lies • The Suggestion of falsehood • The Suppression of Truth • The Slanting of News

  20. Propaganda and Control of Information • withholding information • releasing information at predetermined times • releasing information in juxtaposition with other information • manufacturing information

  21. Propaganda and Control of Information • communicating information to selective audiences • distorting information • suppression of minority opinion. • control of media • presenting distorted information from what looks like a credible source

  22. Information control / distortion • Giving texts to be published in newspapers • Favoring journalists who cooperated • Planting fake “letters to the editor” • Planting stories in foreign newspapers and then publicizing them as true (disinformation)

  23. Legitimizing information through legitimate sources Publicizing Propagandist The Public Planting Receiving Legitimate source

  24. Facilitative communication • Public Diplomacy: • To explain and promote U.S. domestic and foreign policy, cultural life, artistic and scientific accomplishments, American way of life, etc. • Through broadcast, print publications, organizing cultural events, subsidizing U.S. artists abroad, etc.

  25. Successful public diplomacy: • Voice of America popularizing jazz music abroad (since the 1950s) • Sponsoring opinion journals • Teaching English language • Subsidizing Scientific Conferences and Research • Fulbright Program for scholars • Even promoting counterculture

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