Neuroleptic Drugs = antischizophrenic drugs, antipsychotic drugs or major tranquilizers

1. PharmacologySection 10Neuroleptic Drugs.Marta Jóźwiak-BębenistaDepartment of PharmacologyMedical University of Lodzmartia1@tlen.pl

2. Neuroleptic Drugs = antischizophrenic drugs, antipsychotic drugs or major tranquilizers

3. Schizophrenia

4. What is the difference? PSYCHOSIS Psychosis is a thought disorder characterized by disturbances of reality and perception, impaired cognitive functioning, and inappropriate or diminished affect (mood). Psychosis denotes many mental disorders. SCHIZOPHRENIA Schizophrenia is a particular kind of psychosis characterized mainly by a clear sensorium but a marked thinking disturbance.

5. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is characterized by profound disruption in cognition and emotion, affecting the most fundamental human attributes: language, thought, perception, affect, and sense of self

6. Prevalence of schizophrenia 1.1% population over the age of 18 51 mln people worldwide suffer from schizophrenia 12 million people in China (a rough estimate based on the population) 8.7 million people in India (a rough estimate based on the population) 2.2 million people in USA 285,000 people in Australia Over 280,000 people in Canada Over 250,000 diagnosed cases in Britain

8. Etiology of Schizophrenia Idiopathic Biological Correlates • Genetic Factors • Neurodevelopmental abnormalities. • Environmental stressors.

9. The risk of getting schizophrenia

10. Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia Many lines of evidence point to the aberrant increased activity of the dopaminergic system as being critical in the symptomatology of schizophrenia.

11. Dopaminergic system There are 4 major pathways for the dopaminergic system in the brain: The mesolimbic pathway from substantia nigra to limbic system, functions of memory, emotion, arousal, and pleasure The mesocortical pathway from substantia nigra to neocortex, cognition, social behavior, planning, problem solving, motivation, and reinforcement in learning The nigrostriatal pathway from the substantia nigra to the striatum,coordination of involuntary movement The tuberoinfundibular pathway from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland,secretion of certain hormones(prolactin)

12. THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM

13. Catecholamines Tyrosine Tyrosine hydroxylase L-Dopa Dopa decarboxylase Dopamine (DA)  Dopamine  hydroxylase Norepinephrine (NE) (Noradrenaline) Phenylethanolamine-  -N-methyltransferase Epinephrine (EPI) (Adrenaline)

14. Tyrosine Dopamine Synapse Tyrosine L-DOPA DA

15. Dopamine receptors • There are at least five subtypes of receptors: • D1, D5 dopamine receptors -  cAMP by activation of adenylyl cyclase D1 – putamen, nucleus acumbens D5 – hypothalamus, hippocampus • D2, D3, D4 dopamine receptors -  cAMP by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, inhibits Ca2+ channels and open K+ channels D2 – caudate–putamen, nucleus acumbens D3 – frontal cortex, medulla, midbrain

17. The dopamine hypothesis (1): Most antipsychotic drugs strongly block postsynaptic D2 receptors in the CNS (meso-limbic system) Drugs that increase dopaminergic activity aggravate schizophrenia and produce psychosis de novo Increased dopamine receptor density has been found post mortem in brains of schizophrenics

18. The dopamine hypothesis (2): PET has shown increased dopamine receptor density in schizophrenics Successful treatment of schizophrenics changes the amount of homovanilinic acid – metabolite of dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine.

19. Dysfunction of DA-ergic system: Hyperactivity of DA system (mesolimbic pathway) Hypo-activity in frontal cortex(mesocortical pathway) Dysfunction of 5-HT, GABA and glutamate –ergic systems SCHIZOPHRENIA

20. Onset of schizophrenia • Onset - early adulthood, between the ages of 15 and 25. • Men tend to develop schizophrenia slightly earlier (16 – 25 years old) than women (25 – 30years old). • The average age of onset is 18 in men and 25 in women

21. The Course of Schizophrenia

22. Early intervention and early use of new medications lead to better medical outcomes for the individual • The earlier someone with schizophrenia is diagnosed and stabilized on treatment, the better the long-term prognosis for their illness • Teen suicide is a growing problem and teens with schizophrenia have approximately a 50% risk of attempted suicide • Anti-psychotic medications are the generally recommended treatment for schizophrenia !!! • If medication for schizophrenia is discontinued, the relapse rate is about 80 percent within 2 years. With continued drug treatment, only about 40 percent of recovered patients will suffer relapses.

23. Outcomes of schizophreniaAfter 30 years of diagnosed schizophrenia 25% Completely Recover 35%Much Improved, relatively independent 15% Improved, but require extensive support network 10% Hospitalized, unimproved 15% Dead (Mostly Suicide)

24. Symptoms of schizophrenia (1): Positive appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions: * delusions(paranoid, reference, somatic, delusions of grandeur) * halucinations(visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory) * disorganized speech= „word salad” *disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative appear to reflect a diminution or loss of normal functions: * lack of emotion * low energy * affective flattening * low motivation *inappropriate social skills * alogia

25. The terms "positive" and "negative" may be confusing. They should not be interperated as "good" and "bad" symptoms.

26. Symptoms of schizophrenia (2): Cognitive disorganized thinking slow thinking difficulty in understanding poor concentration poor memory difficulty with expressing thoughts difficulty with integrating thoughts, feelings and behavior

27. Symptoms of schizophrenia (3): Disorganized symptoms (?) * thought disorder * confusion * disorientation * memory problems Disorganized symptoms may reflect an underlying dysfunction common to several psychotic disorders, rather than being unique to schizophrenia.

28. Active phase Hallucinations and delusions are prominent symptoms Residual phase Schizophrenia

29. U.S. diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (1) • A. Characteristic symptoms: ≥2 during a 1-month period : delusions halucinations disorganized speech disorganized behavior negative symptoms

30. U.S. diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (2) Only one Criterion A symptom is required if delusions are bizarre or hallucinations consist of a voice keeping up a running commentary on the person’s behavior or thoughts, or two or more voices conversing with each other.

31. U.S. diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (3) B. Social/occupational dysfunction work interpersonal relations self-care C. Duration continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months, including 1 month of symptoms from Criterion A and prodromal symptoms)

32. U.S. diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (4) D. Schizoaffective and mood disorder exclusion no major depressive, manic or mixed episodes have occurred with the active-phase symptoms E. Substance/general medical condition exclusion F. Relationship to a pervasive developmental disorder

33. Types of schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia (hebephrenic) Catatonic schizophrenia Residual schizophrenia Schizoaffective disorder Undifferentiated schizophrenia

34. Neuroleptic drugs ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS TYPICAL NEUROLEPTICS ATYPICAL NEUROLEPTICS PHENOTHIAZINES BENZISOXAZOLES THIOXANTHENES DIBENZO- DIAZEPINES BUTYRO-PHENONES

35. Phenothiazines Chlorpromazine Fluphenazine Prochlorperazine Promethazine Thioridazine

36. Other groups of typical neuroleptics Thioxanthene Thiothixene Butyrophenone Haloperidol

37. Typical neuroleptics – mechanism of action

38. Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotics

39. Atypical neuroleptics Benzisoxazoles Risperidon Ziprasidon Dibenodiazepines Clozapine Quetiapine Olanzapine

40. Atypical neuroleptics - mechanism of action

41. What is the clinical difference between older and newer drugs? New antipsychotic drugs has been shown to be more effective than older ones for treating negative symptoms

42. Actions of neuroleptic drugs (1) Dopamine receptor all, particularly: haloperidol, fluphenazine, thiothixene Muscarinic receptor thioridazine, chlorpromazine  - Adrenergic receptor chlorpromazine Serotonin receptor risperidone, clozapine H1 - Histamine receptor promethazine, chlorpromazine

43. Actions of neuroleptic drugs (2) Antipsychotic actions: reduce the halucinations reduce spontaneous physical movement Occur after 4 – 6 weeks of treatment Extrapyramidal effects: Parkinsonian symptoms akathisia tardive dyskinesia

44. Actions of neuroleptic drugs (3) Antiemetic effect(exept thioridazine) Antimuscarinic effect: blurred vision, dry mouth, sedation, confusion, inhibition of GI and urinary smooth muscle Other effects: hypotension, lightheadness

45. Neuroleptic drugs are not curative and do not eliminate the fundamental thinking disorder, but often do permit the psychotic patient to function in a supportive environment

46. Therapeutic uses Schizophrenia Other psychosis Schizoaffective disorders Delirium Prevention of severe nausea and vomiting (vertigo, motion sickness, cancer chemo- and radiotherapy) Tranquilizers In combination with narcotic analgesics for treatment of chronic pain with severe anxiety Intractable hiccups

47. Pharmacokinetics Neuroleptics are absorbed after oral administration Pass through blood – brain barrier Bind well to plasma proteins, highly lipid-soluble Are metabolized in liver by P-450 system

48. Acute Acute dystonia Medium- term Akathisia Parkinsonism Chronic Tardive dyskinesia Tardive dystonia Adverse effects (1) • Neurologic effects due to D2 receptor blockade

49. Acute dystonia • In the beginning of treatment • Common in young males • Treatment with anticholinergic drugs (procyclidine 5-10mg or benztropine i.m or i.v) Fixed muscle postures with spasm: • clenched jaw muscles • protruding tongue • opisthotonos • torticollis • oculogyric crisis (mouth open, head back, eyes staring upwards)

50. Akathisia • motor restlessness • affect lower limb • very distressing to the patient • Treatment – reduction of the drug dose.