Culture Clash

1. Culture Clash

2. Rural v. Urban • Science vs. Fundamentalism • The Scopes Trial • Conflict of Cultures LEADS TO • Prohibition • Nativism and the Klan • Religious fundamentalism • (THE CENTURY VIDEO)

3. 1920’s DBQ Question • The 1920’s were a period of tension between new and changing attitudes on the one hand and traditional values and nostalgia on the other. • What led to the tension between old and new • AND • in what ways was the tension manifested?

4. OLD Traditional Rural NEW Modern Urban DEFINING TERMS

5. Creating a DATA BASE • 1. Watch VIDEO • Look for info and at the info in terms of the DBQ question • Take notes on the video using a format that forces you to look at the info from that angle • 2. Brainstorm what you know & have learned so far from your reading & my lectures about the 20s (1919-1929) that you would use to answer the DBQ question • 3. USE the textbooks to add info to your brainstorm LIST • 4. Look at Docs presented here to add to your brainstorm list

6. Brainstorm • CAUSES of the tension between old (traditional values) & new ( & changing attitudes) • Brainstorm • EXAMPLES (manifestations) of the tension between old & new

7. TENSION versus

8. The traditional backlash • AGAINST • the modern, secular culture of the New Era • resulted in all of the following movements: • prohibition • nativism • religious fundamentalism

9. The “New” culture Modern ; Urban EXAMPLES

10. “New” Literature

11. USE BOOK BR 663-664 The Disenchanted Artists & intellectuals Lost Generation Disillusioned youth after WWI “debunkers” H.L. Mencken – journalist Sinclair Lewis USE BOOK BA 749-751 BRAINSTORM on Sinclair Lewis

12. Sinclair Lewis • February 7, 1885 — January 10, 1951 • American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. • In 1930 he became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature • His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American society and capitalist values, as well as their strong characterizations of modern working women. • His style is at times satirical

13. Babbitt • 1922 • satirized the • American commercial culture • American values • main theme is the power of conformity and the vacuity of American life

14. Source: Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt, 1922 •  Just as he was an Elk, a Booster, and a member of the Chamber of Commerce, just as the priests of the Presbyterian Church determined his every religious belief and the senators who controlled the Republican Party decided in little smoky rooms in Washington what he should think about disarmament, tariff, and Germany, so did the large national advertisers fix the surface of his life, fix what he believed to be his individuality. These standard advertised wares—toothpastes, socks, tires, cameras, instantaneous hot-water heaters—were his symbols and proofs of excellence; at first the signs, then the substitutes, for joy and passion and wisdom. DISCUSS WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question DOC. 1

15. Analysis • Excerpt from “Babbitt” by Sinclair Lewis. • Description of the typical American middle class man. • Point is that the man has no ideas of his own and is mainly concerned with material goods. • This document is CRITICAL of the new attitude toward life and America’s acceptance of this new lifestyle full of material goods for entertainment purposes.

16. “New” Art

17. Source: “The Bridge” by Joseph Stella, 1922; Collection of the Newark Museum DISCUSS WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question

18. Joseph Stella (1877 - 1946) • Italian-born American Futurist painter • best-known for his depictions of industrial America. • first paintings are Rembrandtesque depictions of city slum life. • 1908 - commissioned for a series on industrial Pittsburgh, later published in The Pittsburgh Survey. • 1909 - first contact with modernism, molds his distinctive personal style • most famous for New York Interpreted, a five-paneled work patterned after a religious altarpiece, but depicting bridges and skyscrapers instead of saints. This piece reflects the belief, common at the time, that industry was displacing religion as the center of modern life His most famous quote is: "I have seen the future and it is good. We will wipe away the religions of old and start anew." DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question

19. The Brooklyn Bridge exemplifies the achievements of the architects of the 1920’s. • Glorifies modernity • The bridge is just one of the many different innovations being made during the 1920’s in respects to architecture.

20. The “New” Negro The Harlem Renaissance

21. USE BOOK BR 664 USE BOOK BA 746-7748 BRAINSTORM on the “New Negro”

22. Source: Langston Hughes, “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” The Nation, 1926 • Jazz to me is one of the inherent expressions of Negro life in America; the eternal tom-tom beating in the Negro soul--the tom-tom of revolt against weariness in a white world, a world of subway trains, and work, work, work; the tom-tom of joy and laughter, and pain swallowed in a smile. Yet the Philadelphia clubwoman is ashamed to say that her race created it and she does not like me to write about it, The old subconscious "white is best" runs through her mind. Years of study under white teachers, a lifetime of white books, pictures, and papers, and white manners, morals, and Puritan standards made her dislike the spirituals. And now she turns up her nose at jazz and all its manifestations--likewise almost everything else distinctly racial. She doesn't care for the Winold Reiss' portraits of Negroes because they are "too Negro." She does not want a true picture of herself from anybody. She wants the artist to flatter her, to make the white world believe that all negroes are as smug and as near white in soul as she wants to be. But, to my mind, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist, if he accepts any duties at all from outsiders, to change through the force of his art that old whispering "I want to be white," hidden in the aspirations of his people, to "Why should I want to be white? I am a Negro--and beautiful.” DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question------ Doc 3

23. Document E Analysis • Expresses the division in the black Americans during the 1920’s. • Some blacks attempted to become “white”, while the other half tried to define themselves through jazz, art, and literature, also known as, The Harlem Renaissance. • Describes the “New” Negro as challenging ideas of an assimilated negro • Black is beautiful

24. The “New” Woman

25. USE BOOK BR 660-662 USE BOOK BA 745-746 BRAINSTORM on the “New Woman”

26. Marriage and Divorce, 1890-1930 DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question------ Doc 4

27. Shows an increase in divorces and a decrease in marriages. • These statistics exemplify the fact that women are becoming more independent and are beginning to make their own choices.

28. Source: “Women’s Smokers,” The New York Times, February 29, 1928 • Be it resolved, that the National W.C.T.U. [Women’s Christian Temperance Union] encourages further scientific research into the effects of nicotine and urges all public and private school teachers and Sunday school workers, both by precept and example, to assist in an educational campaign to make these effects known with a view to instructing the youth as to the well-proven facts of science; and • Be it further resolved, that the National W.C.T.U. brands as untrue the charge made by the Association Opposed to National Prohibition that we are engaged in a secret campaign for an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting tobacco… • [Mrs. Ella A. Boole, President of the New York State organization says:] • “We are working in this question from a scientific standpoint and from an educational standpoint. After all, the duty of motherhood is still relegated to the women of the nation. Just as long as that is true we must protect the coming generation by teaching the present the effects of the habit of smoking on the unborn… DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question----- Doc 5

29. “New” modern Religion Aimee McPherson

30. Aimee Semple McPhersonOctober 9, 1890 – September 27, 1944 • aka "Sister Aimee" or "Sister," • Canadian-born evangelist and media sensation in the 1920s and 1930s • founder of the Foursquare Church

31. International Church of the Foursquare Gospel • McPherson spent several years, from 1918 to 1922 as an itinerant Pentecostal preacher. • eventually settled in Los Angeles • base of operation • 1923 - construction of a large, domed church building in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles • named Angelus Temple • seating capacity of 5,300 people • filled to capacity three times each day, seven days a week • In the beginning, McPherson preached every service. • The church eventually evolved into its own denomination, called the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. • The church became noted for its community services, particularly during the Great Depression.

32. McPherson was famous both inside and outside of religious circles. • She made sure that Angelus Temple was represented in local parades and entered floats into the famous Rose Parade in Pasadena. • Her illustrated sermons attracted people from the entertainment industry, looking to see a "show" that rivaled what Hollywood had to offer. • These famous stage productions drew people who would never have thought to enter a church, and then presented them with her interpretation of the message of salvation. • McPherson believed that the Gospel was to be presented at every opportunity, and used worldly means at her disposal to present it to as many people as possible. • Her sermons, unlike other contemporaries, e.g. Billy Sunday, were not the usual fire-and-brimstone messages, but were based around a more friendly interpretation of the modern Christian texts. • She was also very skillful at fundraising. • Collections were taken at every meeting, usually with the admonishment of "no coins, please". • When the $1.5 million Angelus Temple opened its doors, construction was already entirely paid for through private donations.

33. McPherson is also credited with integrating her tent meetings and church services. • She broke down racial barriers such that one time at Angelus Temple, some Ku Klux Klan members were in attendance, but after the service, many of their hoods and robes were found thrown on the ground in nearby Echo Park. • She is also credited with helping many of the Hispanic ministries in Los Angeles get started, and even had a large Gypsy following, after the wife of a Gypsy chief and the chief himself had been healed in a Denver revival meeting. • She also began broadcasting on radio in its infancy in the early '20s. • McPherson was the first woman in history to preach a radio sermon, • with the opening of Foursquare Gospel-owned KFSG (now KXOL) on February 6, 1924, • she also became the first woman to be granted a broadcast license by the Federal Radio Commission (which became the Federal Communications Commission in 1934). • In 1925, the license for KFSG was suspended by the Commerce Department for deviating from its assigned frequency.

34. Since Pentecostalism was not popular in the U.S. during the 1920s she avoided the label, but she was heavily influenced by this faith • incorporating demonstrations of speaking-in-tongues and • faith healing into her sermons, • and keeping a museum of crutches, wheelchairs and other paraphernalia. • She was also strongly influenced by the Salvation Army: in a campaign to spread the church nationwide, • she adopted a theme of "lighthouses" for the satellite churches • referring to the parent church as the "Salvation Navy.“ • Always seeking publicity, McPherson continued publishing the weekly Foursquare Crusader and a monthly magazine dubbed Bible Call. • FOR MORE INFO - • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson

35. Source: Morrow Mayo, “Aimee Rises from the Sea,” The New Republic, December 25, 1929 • …Sister substituted the Gospel of Love for the Gospel of Fear. This doctrine was as strange in Southern California as it is elsewhere in Christendom… • Sister substituted the cheerfulness of the playroom for the gloom of the morgue. She threw out the dirges and threats of Hell, replacing them with jazz hymns and promises of Glory. The gospel she created was and is an ideal bedtime story. It has a pretty color, a sweet taste, and is easy. • Mrs. McPherson describes the Holy City literally- the jeweled walls, pearly gates, golden streets, milk and honey. She says she is not sure-she is not sure, mind you- but she has a pretty good idea that Heaven will resemble a cross between Pasadena, California, and Washington, D.C. That will give an idea of what may be expected at Angelus Temple. The atmosphere bubbles over with love, joy, enthusiasm; the Temple is full of flowers, music, golden trumpets, red robes, angels, incense, nonsense and sex appeal. The service may be described as a supernatural whoopee. DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question----- Doc 6

36. Charles Lindbergh

37. Source: Mary B. Mullett, “The Biggest Thing That Lindbergh Has Done,” The American Magazine, October, 1927 • When, because of what we believe him to be, we gave Lindbergh the greatest ovation in history, we convicted ourselves of having told a lie about ourselves. For we proved that the “things of good report” are the same today as they were nineteen hundred years ago. • We shouted ourselves hoarse. Not because a man had flown across the Atlantic! Not even because he was an American! But because he was as clean in character as he was strong and fine in body; because he put “ethics” above any desire for wealth; because he was as modest as he was courageous; and because- as we now know, beyond any shadow of doubt- these are the things which we honor most in life. • To have shown this truth about ourselves is the biggest thing that Lindbergh has done. DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question----- Doc 7

38. Culture Clash

39. The Scopes Trial Modern (“new”) Ideas (science) Versus Traditional Ideas (religion) Theology vs. Biology

40. USE BOOK BR 667-669 USE BOOK BA 737-738 BRAINSTORM on the Scopes Trial

41. ACLU • American Civil Liberties Union • Founded in 1920 • By Jane Addams, Norman Thomas, Helen Keller • Alarmed by social climate of the war & aftermath regarding freedom of speech and belief

42. 1925: Scopes Trial • Showcased the opposing viewpoints of modern science and traditional religion • Challenged a Tennessee law making it illegal to teach the theory of evolution in public schools • John T. Scopes was accused of the “crime” of teaching that Darwinian evolution best explains the origins of humans

43. Although John T. Scopes was convicted in the 1925 Scopes trial, modernists won a major victory • when Scopes’ ACLU attorney, Clarence Darrow, tricked William Jennings Bryan, assistant to the prosecution, into admitting that not all religious dogma was subject to a single interpretation • After the Scopes “Monkey Trial,” fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life

44. Source: The World’s Most Famous Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case, 1925 • Mr. Darrow: Do you claim that everything in the Bible should be literally interpreted? • Mr. Bryan: I believe everything in the Bible should be accepted as it is given there; some of the Bible is given illustratively. For instance: “Ye are the salt of the earth.” I would not insist that man was actually salt, or that he had flesh of salt, but it is used in the sense of salt as saving God’s people. • Mr. Darrow: But when you read that Jonah swallowed the whale- or that the whale swallowed Jonah-excuse me please- how do you literally interpret that?... • Mr. Bryan: One miracle is just as easy to believe as another… • Mr. Darrow: Perfectly easy to believe that Jonah swallowed the whale?... • Mr. Bryan: Your honor. I think I can shorten this testimony. The only purpose Mr. Darrow has is to slur at the Bible, but I will answer his question. I will answer it all at once, and I have no objection in the world, I want the world to know that this man, who does not believe in God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee- • Mr. Darrow: I object to that. • Mr. Bryan: (Continuing) to slur at it, while it will require time, I am willing to take it. • Mr. Darrow: I object to your statement. I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes. DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question---- Doc 8

45. The “New” Klan Protector of “Old” Traditional Ideas/Values

46. USE BOOK BR 664-667 USE BOOK BA 730 BRAINSTORM on the 20s KKK

47. Source: Hiram Wesley, “The Klan’s Fight for Americanism,” The North American Review, March 1926 • We are a movement of the plain people, very weak in the matter of culture, intellectual support, and trained leadership. We are demanding, and we expect to win, a return of power into the hands of the everyday, not highly cultured, not overly intellectualized, but entirely unspoiled and not de-Americanized, average citizen of the old stock. Our members and leaders are all of this class- opposition of the intellectuals and liberals who held the leadership, betrayed Americanism, and from whom we expect to wrest control, is almost automatic. • This is undoubtedly a weakness. It lays us open to the charge of being “hicks” and “rubes” and “drivers of second hand Fords.” We admit it. Far worse, it makes it hard for us to state our case and advocate our crusade in the most effective way, for most of us lack skill in language. • . . The Klan, therefore, has now come to speak for the great mass of Americans of the old pioneer stock. We believe that it does fairly and faithfully represent them, and our proof lies in their support. To understand the Klan, then, it is necessary to understand the character and present mind of the mass of old-stock Americans. The mass, it must be remembered, as distinguished from the intellectually mongrelized "Liberals." • These are, in the first place, a blend of various peoples of the so-called Nordic race, the race which, with all its faults, has given the world almost the whole of modern civilization. The Klan does not try to represent any people but these. . . . DISCUSS -WRITE DOWN Thoughts About this Document in relation to the DBQ question---- Doc 9

48. GROUP THE DOCUMENTS • WHICH WOULD YOU PUT TOGETHER TO MAKE WHAT POINTS