1. Bacterial Genetics • Dr. RashadShawgiBabiker • M.Sc. (Microbiology) (UMST) • M.Sc. Stud. (Immunology ) • Institute of Tropical Medicine.(SAS)

2. MicrobialGenetics • Basic Molecular GeneticsCentral Dogma Gene Expression • Genetic VariabilityMutations Recombination Plasmids • Genetic EngineeringTerminology and Technology Products and Benefits

3. Introduction DNA is arranged as a single molecule with no histones present, and with no dominance or recessiveness in the genes. Bacterial chromosome is located in the nucleoid. In E. coli there are 4000 genes spread over 1.5mm of DNA in less than 1 micrometer of space

5. F. Control of protein synthesis

6. MicrobialGenetics • Basic Molecular Genetics Central Dogma Genotype and Phenotype • Genetic Variability -Mutations -Recombinations:Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction -Plasmids: Conjugative, Resistance, Toxigenic, Metabolic • Genetic Engineering Terminology and Technology Products & Benefits of Genetic Engineering

7. Mutations Types of mutations Spontaneous Induced

8. Spontaneous mutations 1 mutation in every billion bacteria Example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae penicillin resistance original mutation was spontaneous

9. Induced mutations • Chemical or Physical agents enhance mutation rate • Mutagens • Ultraviolet light—mechanism of action • Chemicals

12. Mutation Type Point (substitution) (leu) (ser) (arg) Normal AAT AGT GCC (leu) (cyst) (arg) Mutant AAT TGT GCC

13. Mutation Type Frameshift (deletion) (leu) (ser) (arg) Normal AAT AGT GCC (leu) (val)(pro) Mutant AAT AGTGCCA

14. Mutation Type Frameshift (insertion) (leu) (ser) (arg) Normal AAT AGT GCC (leu) (glut)(cyst) Mutant AAT CAGTGCC

15. 1. Transformation

17. Conjugation • Male and female cells • Role of F factors (plasmids) • High frequency of recombination strains • Mechanism of Hfr conjugation • Sexduction

18. Simple Conjugation

19. Transduction • Role of the bacteriophage (virus)

20. Lysogeny

21. Plasmids • Fragments of DNA in the cytoplasm • R Factors - confer drug resistance • Bacteriocins -proteins toxic to other bacteria and human cell • Many plasmids are found in Gram-Negative bacteria

22. MicrobialGenetics • Basic Molecular Genetics Central Dogma Gene Expression • Genetic Variability Mutations, Recombinations, Plasmids • Genetic Engineering -Terminology: Genetic engineering, Gene cloning, Recombinant DNA technology, Restriction endonucleases, Vectors -Products of Genetic Engineering: Proteins, Genetically modified organisms, Genes therapy -Process of Genetic Engineering: Gene cloning, Gene characterization, Gene expression

23. Genetic Engineering Technology

24. The ‘Benefits’ of Genetic Engineering • Genetically engineered proteins: Hormones (e.g.interferons, erythropoietin, insulin, growth factors), Vaccines (e.g.Hep B), others • Genetically modified organisms: Genetically modified foods, herbicide and pesticideresistant plants • Genetically engineered genes: Genes for therapy