The Spread of Industrialization

1. The Spread of Industrialization By: Casey Fleming & Scott McCrea

2. Limitations to Industrialization Some countries more agricultural than industrial than England. No roads, river travel, and guild restrictions and entrepreneurs did not take business risks. French Revolution and Napoleonic Era led to physical destruction, loss of manpower, weakened currencies, and led to political and social instability. Gap between British and continental countries industrial machinery. Britain had money to make machines and other countries didn’t.

3. Borrowing Techniques and Practices • British artisans were prohibited from leaving country. • Machinery sold illegally. • Continental entrepreneurs copied their ideas and skills. • John Cockerill- Pirated British industrialists ideas to profit his industrial plant. • Continental countries achieved technological independence from Britain. • France and Germany established technological schools to train mechanics and engineers.

4. Role of Government Continental governments paid for most of the industrialization of their countries. Railroads throughout Europe. Tariffs to further industrialization Friedrich List’s National System of Political Economy

5. Joint-Stock Investment Bank • Joint-Stock Investment Bank- People would invest in the bank and then the bank would invest in mining, railroad, or other heavy industries. • Limited liability for the investor. • 3 Major Banks in Europe: - Credit Mobilier in France -Darmstadt Bank in Germany -Kreditanstalt in Austria • British invested in private capital of successful individuals who reinvested their profits.

6. Centers of Continental Industrialization • Major Centers: Belgium, France and Germany • Cotton- major role in Britain and France • Steam Engine for mining and metallurgy rather than textiles • Iron and Coal were main industries on the continent. • Britain was not destined to remain the worlds greatest industrial nation. France

7. Industrial Revolution in the United States U.S. was agriculturally based society. Industrial Revolution= 1800-Civil War Samuel Slater established first textile factory. America surpassed British technical inventions (muskets with interchangeable parts) American system reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor, important to a society that had few skilled workers.

8. The Need for Transportation Canals were built to link east and west Steamboat provided transportation on Great Lakes, Atlantic Coast, and rivers. 27,000 miles of Railroad tracks

9. Labor Force U.S didn’t have many artisans but did have a lot of farmers. Women made up more than 80% of the labor force in textile factories. Unskilled labor pushed American industrialization into a capital-intensive pattern. Factory owners invested in machines that produced large quantities by unskilled laborers. Northeast was the most industrialized part of the U.S. “The rich got richer and the poor stayed the same.”

10. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World • In eastern Europe, Industrialization lagged behind the rest of the world. • Russia had industrialization at the end of the 19th century.

11. The Example of India Greatest exporter of cotton cloth produced by hand. In the first half of the nineteenth century, India fell under control of the British East India Company. Factories- Indian hand-loom weavers were out of a job. A lack of local capital and the advantages given to British imports limited the growth of new manufacturing operations.