Presentation Transcript

1. Chapter 10 Causes of the Civil War Slavery Economics Expansion Political (Republican Party) States’ rights
2. Slavery in the South Slaves considered property- not people. Some were whipped and abused while others were treated as valuable property. Some well provided for while others only provided bare necessities. Better conditions for house slaves. Slave women were often abused sexually by their owners. Families were often separated. Marriages not legally recognized. Atlantic slave trade ended in 1808, but slaves were still traded within the U.S. (Second Middle Passage). Trading ripped families apart.
3. Southern Views on Slavery Slaveholders justified slavery with paternalism: the idea that they were actually caring for and nurturing their slaves. Many argued that slaves were better off in the U.S., b/c they had been “rescued” from the “savage” societies of Africa. Many white Southerners saw Northerners as arrogant and self-righteous, and they resented being told how they should live. Southerners defended their views on slavery, arguing that slave owners treated their slaves better than northern industrialists treated their workers. Many Southerners objected to Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s portrayal of slave owners and pointed out that many Revolutionary War heroes had also owned slaves.
4. Nat Turner’s Rebellion Nat Turner, a slave, led a failed uprising in Virginia in 1831. Turner believed he had a divine mission to deliver his people from slavery. In the revolt, 160 people were killed. As the abolitionist movement gained momentum in the north, slaves faced even harsher restrictions in the South in reaction to Nat Turner’s rebellion. Many states enacted harsh laws called slave codes: curfew, illegal to teach slaves to read/write, slaves couldn’t assemble, weren’t allowed to become ministers.
5. The Case Against Slavery Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1852 novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin became a powerful statement about the impact of slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabinpresented a vivid picture of slavery which convinced many Northerners that slavery would ruin United States society. Uncle Tom’s cabin did for the abolition movement did what Common Sense did for the independence movement.
6. HarrietBeecherStowe 1811 - 1896 “So this is the lady who started the Civil War.” -- Abraham Lincoln
7. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade!
8. Two Nations—Assessment What was the significance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin? (A) It whipped up northern sentiment against slavery. (B) It pointed out the need for more railroads. (C) It advocated white southerners’ views. (D) It showed the economic contrasts between the north and the south. Which of the following was a southern argument in favor of slavery? (A) Slavery violated American and Christian principles. (B) Southern slaves were treated better than northern free workers. (C) Slavery was essential to southern industry. (D) Northern prejudice was damaging to African Americans.
9. Two Nations—Assessment What was the significance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin? (A) It whipped up northern sentiment against slavery. (B) It pointed out the need for more railroads. (C) It advocated white southerners’ views. (D) It showed the economic contrasts between the north and the south. Which of the following was a southern argument in favor of slavery? (A) Slavery violated American and Christian principles. (B) Southern slaves were treated better than northern free workers. (C) Slavery was essential to southern industry. (D) Northern prejudice was damaging to African Americans.
10. Economic Causes North South
11. Tensions Over Slavery South North Because the South’s economy depended on agriculture and the plantation system (which operated on slave labor), southern politicians fought to preserve slavery, and expand it into new territories. The North’s economy did not depend on slave labor, b/c it was more industrialized. Many northern states had already emancipated (freed) slaves by the mid-1800s. Some Northern politicians wanted to see the expansion of slavery halted, while others wanted slavery abolished completely.
12. The Dilemma Over Slavery Some leaders opposed slavery for moral reasons. Others opposed it for economic and political reasons. The struggle over slavery led to constant battles for power between the 2 regions in the national government. Each side knew that whoever controlled Congress could pass laws either strengthening and expanding slavery (S), or dismantling slavery.
13. The Wilmot Proviso As the US acquired new territories in the West, the debate over slavery intensified. No political issue caused more division in the US as it expanded than the issue of slavery. An important effect of the Mexican War was its role in bringing the question of slavery to the forefront of American politics. Congress faced a decision about whether or not to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. Its decision could tip the balance of political power toward either the North or the South. The Wilmot Proviso, first attached to an 1846 bill, stated that slavery would be forbidden in new territories acquired from Mexico. Although the proviso was not passed, it continued to be added to bills concerning the new territories. The Wimot Proviso never became law. However, it revealed the growing gap between the North and the South over slavery.
14. Effects of the Missouri Compromise Territories acquired after the Mexican War forced an old question back into politics about whether or not slavery would be permitted in new territories. Each new state that was admitted to the Union could tip the balance for or against slavery. Both sides wanted to establish their practices in the new territories before these territories became states. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had stated that any new states created north of 36° 30' N latitude had to be free states. Much of the new territory, however, was south of this line. Some members of both parties who opposed slavery in the territories formed the Free Soil Party. The Free Soil Party did not win any states in the presidential election of 1848, but it did tip the balance in favor of Whig candidate Zachary Taylor.
15. The Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 revised the Missouri Compromise. It admitted California to the Union as a free state and declared the unorganized western territories free as well. The Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed to decide the issue by popular sovereignty (the will of the majority). People in these territories would vote on whether or not to allow slavery. The Fugitive Slave Act was attached to the Compromise. It required that northern states return escaped slaves to their owners in the South.
16. The Compromise of 1850—Map
17. The Kansas-Nebraska Act In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed the previously free territories of Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether or not to permit slavery by popular sovereignty. Both supporters of slavery and abolitionists rushed into Kansas and set up rival governments. The territory became known as “Bleeding Kansas” when violence broke out between pro and anti-slavery factions. The act inspired violence in Washington as well. Charles Sumner, a Mass. senator who opposed slavery, denounced the act and the senators who wrote it in a speech that spanned 2 days. After the speech, Preston Brooks, a SC congressman flogged Sumner with a cane on the senate floor, almost killing him. This Sumner-Brooks incident was a brutal example of how heated the issue of slavery had become.
18. The Dred Scott Decision The 1857 Dred Scott case through the nation further into turmoil. Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, went with his owner to free territory. He sued his owner when he refused to free him even though he was in a free state. The Supreme Court ruled that Scott had not right to sue b/c, as a slave, he was not a citizen. It also declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his “property” without due process. The decision struck down the Missouri Compromise, be/c it declared that it was unconstitutional to declare slaves free of their owners- even if the slave entered a free state. Abolitionists were outraged b/c it meant that slave owners could keep their slaves in any state. This along with the Fugitive Slave Act tipped the balance in favor of slavery proponents.
19. John Brown’s Raid In 1859, a group of radical abolitionists led by John Brown attacked the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA to seize weapons to arm slaves for a rebellion. Their plan failed when troops led by Robert E. Lee surrounded the arsenal and forced Brown’s surrender. Brown was hanged, and martyrized in the North. The South saw it as proof that blood would have to shed to protect its way of life.
20. John Brown He and his sons brutally murdered 5 slave masters in Kansas. (1858)
21. Assessment Who was John Brown, and what impact did his raid on Harper’s Ferry have? The Missouri Compromise, Wilmot Proviso, and Compromise of 1850 were all designed to End slavery in the South Emancipate slaves Extend slavery to new US territories Deal with the issue of slavery in new territories
22. The Creation of the Republican Party In 1854, a coalition of northern Democrats who opposed slavery, Whigs, and Free Soilers (a party opposing slavery in new territories) came together and formed the Republican Party. Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln emerged as one of the party’s most prominent members. After losing a bid for the US Senate seat in 1858, Lincoln bounced back to become the Republican’s presidential candidate 2 years later. By the time of the 1860 election, the country was at a boiling point over the issue of slavery.
23. The Election of 1860 Voters in the North chose between Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas (popular sovereignty) and Republican Abraham Lincoln Southern Democrats wanted federal protection of slavery in all US territories and nominated Democrat John Breckinridge.. While votes in the Border States (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) were mixed, many in the Lower South (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina) supported Breckinridge. The South felt threatened by Lincoln b/c he considered slavery a moral evil, and they feared he would dismantle the South. Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election of 1860 without winning a single electoral from a southern state.
24. The Lower South Secedes Southerners were outraged that a President had been elected without any southern electoral votes. They were also worried that the Republican Party would ruin the southern way of life. Secessionists, or those who wanted the South to secede, argued that since the states had voluntarily joined the Union, they could also voluntarily leave it. In response to Lincoln’s election, South Carolina officially seceded on Dec. 20, 1860. Six other states of the Lower South followed: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. They used the idea of states’ rights to justify seceding. That is, they believed that the Lincoln’s election violated their states’ rights (he would end slavery). In early February 1861, these states proclaimed themselves a new nation, the Confederate States of America, or Confederacy. Jefferson Davis, a former senator from Mississippi, became president of the Confederacy.
25. 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
26. War on the Horizon Views on Secession Some Americans felt that the South should be allowed to secede peacefully. Others objected, citing the loss of business with the South as well as a desire to keep the Union together.
27. Fort Sumter Lincoln knew he couldn’t let the South secede, but he knew there were different opinions about going to war. Some wanted Lincoln to let the South secede and take their disgusting slavery with them. Others wanted to negotiate with the South. Only a few favored force, so Lincoln didn’t have enough support to launch any military action against the Confederacy even if he wanted to. If there was going to be war, the South would have to start it! They got their wish.
28. Fort Sumter In April, 1861, Union troops located at Fort Sumter, SC, were running low on supplies. Lincoln informed the governor of SC that he was sending ships with food for the soldiers, but no weapons. SC was not having those darn Yank’s in their territory, so Confederate forces opened fire. The South’s attack forced the Union troops to leave the fort, but it also gave Lincoln the support he needed to wage war. Many Northerners who opposed war now favored it, b/c they had been attacked.
29. Fort Sumter President Lincoln then issued a call for 75,000 volunteers, mobilizing for war. With a great deal of controversy and division, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland (border states), remained in the Union. Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded with the rest of the South, joining the Confederacy. The capital of the Confederacy then moved from Montgomery, AL to Richmond, VA. The Civil War had begun.
30. The war begins - the firing on Fort Sumter
31. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
32. Fort Sumter
33. The Union and Confederacy After the surrender of Fort Sumter, more states joined the Confederacy, making it one of the largest republics in the world.
34. A Nation Divided Against Itself—Assessment Which of the following states were part of the Lower South? (A) Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia (B) Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland (C) Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina (D) North Carolina, South Carolina, and Missouri Why did Lincoln start calling for volunteers to fight the seceding states? (A) He had been elected without their electoral votes. (B) The Confederates had attacked federal property. (C) The states of the Upper South had seceded. (D) The seceding states had elected their own president.
35. A Nation Divided Against Itself—Assessment Which of the following states were part of the Lower South? (A) Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia (B) Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland (C) Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina (D) North Carolina, South Carolina, and Missouri Why did Lincoln start calling for volunteers to fight the seceding states? (A) He had been elected without their electoral votes. (B) The Confederates had attacked federal property. (C) The states of the Upper South had seceded. (D) The seceding states had elected their own president.
36. The first States secede