Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

2. The Big Picture - Exploration • Western expansion and eventual colonization had a profound impact on the West and the world. • One result was a gradual shift in the global balance of power from Asia to Europe. • A second result was the creation of a global system of exchange as the Americas were brought into the world system for the first time. • The creation of a global system of exchange will be a primary focus of this unit.

3. Motives for European Exploration • Desire to gain direct access to Asian luxuries • Collapse of Mongols increased price of goods • Avoid dealing with Muslim merchants • Gain lands suitable for growing cash crops • Portugal had poor quality soil • Started by colonizing the Azores, the Madeiras, & the Canaries • Spread Christianity

4. Technology of Exploration • From China • Stern Rudder (better navigation) • Magnetic Compass • From Islam • Lateen Sail (sail in any direction, regardless of the wind) • the Astrolabe (portable navigation device - measures the distance of the sun and stars above the horizon) • Caravels (larger ships with larger sails; could hold provisions for longer trips)

5. Notable Explorers • Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama • Spain • Christopher Columbus • Ferdinand Magellan • England • Captain James Cook

6. Major Expeditions

7. Spanish Empire

8. Conquest of New Spain • Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521 • 600 Spanish soldiers • Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1533 • Fewer than 200 Spanish soldiers • Why? • God, gold, and glory • How? • Guns, germs, and steel

9. Economy of New Spain • Agriculture • Haciendas • Plantations • Mining • Silver the “Heart of the Empire” • Gold • Used coercive labor • Indian slaves, encomiendas, mita • Less than 50% of silver remained in Spain • At no point did American treasure imports make up more than 25% of Spain’s national revenue • Spanish government occasionally went bankrupt

10. Government of New Spain • New Spain controlled by bureaucracy • Two Viceroys (Mexico City & Lima) • Appointed governors • Ten Audiencias • Make and enforce Spanish law • Local magistrates applied the law, collected taxes, and assigned work required of Indian communities • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Divided the world between Spain & Portugal

11. Treaty of Tordesillas

12. Sociedad de Castas (Caste System) Peninsulares Creoles Men born in Spain who hold high office in the government Spaniards born in Latin America who rise in army ranks Mestizos Mulattos Those with European and Native American ancestry Those with European and African ancestry Native Indians Black Slaves

13. Portuguese Empire

14. Portuguese Colonization in Asia • Portuguese use force to enter Asian trade markets • Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute • Conquered “choke points” • Ormuz, Goa, Malacca, & other areas • Control did not last long • Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large • Not enough people • Dutch and English rivals

15. Portuguese Brazil • Minor Portuguese nobles given strips of land to colonize and develop • Feudalism meets commercial agriculture • Sugar plantations using Indian, then African slaves • Portugal’s most important colony by 1700 • Government established a bureaucratic structure with a royal governor • Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal • Brazil never had university or printing presses • Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity

16. Brazil’s Age of Gold • Gold discovered inland in 1695 • Started a massive gold rush • Mined gold using slaves • 150,000 slaves by 1775 • Exported 3 tons of gold a year from 1735-1760 • Impact of gold • Ranching and farming were expanded • Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the colony • No native industries were developed in Portugal

17. Dutch Empire

18. Dutch Colonization

19. Dutch Colonies in Africa & SE Asia • Take Portuguese strongholds in 17th century • Cape of Good Hope, Malacca, etc. • Monopolize certain spices • Cloves, nutmeg, mace, etc. • Shipping proved most profitable • Shipped products between China, Japan, Indonesia, India, etc. • Competition • England and France set up trading post in India

20. Commercialization: The New Economy • Trading, empire building, and conquest of the Age of Exploration was made possible by new financing schemes that now form the basis of our modern economies. • A substantial middle class of merchants continued to develop, which in turn attracted more investors, and the modern day concept of the stock market was well under way.

21. Joint-Stock Companies • An organization created to pool the resources of merchants • This distributed the costs and risks of colonization • This also reduced the danger for individual investors • For example: Dutch East India Company • Investors • Bought shares, or stocks, in the company • If the company made money, each investor would receive a profit proportional to his or her investment

22. Mercantilism • Increased trade led to an early theory of macroeconomics for the nation of Europe. • The Basics: • Trade, but export more than you import • Why? Deficits force dependence on others = weakness! • One country’s surplus demands another’s deficit • So? European countries were feverish to colonize.

23. African Slave Trade and the Columbian Exchange

24. African Slavery • Slavery was common in African society • Where? • The Kongo, Ghana, Benin, etc. • All land was owned by the state • Owning slaves was a way to gain wealth • Slaves were used for servants, concubines, and field workers • Arrival of Europeans provided new opportunities for expansion of slavery

25. African Slave Trade • Causes • Plantations of the New World demanded more labor • The money hungry empires knew they could get free labor from Africa. • So began a forced migration of people that would forever change the fate of millions of lives and the history of the New World.

26. Timeline of the Slave Trade • 15thc. – very minimal • 16thc. – small • 17th c. - increase to 16,000 per year • 18th c. - most of trade, 7 million slaves, 80% of all trade over all years • 19th c. - slows down, under attack, still exports to Cuba & Brazil (1.7 million)

27. African Slave Trade

28. African Slave Trade

29. African Slave Trade • Reactions and Results • Some African cooperated with the slave trade, while many protested. • The European traders were determined, and the slave trade increased and expanded. • Africans were rounded up, forced on to ships, chained together, taken below deck, and forced to deal with the passage to the Americas

30. African Slave Trade • This trip has been named the “Middle Passage.” • Along the way, some suffocated from the hot, unventilated conditions below the deck • Others starved, and still others were killed when they attempted to revolts

31. African Slave Trade • Life After the Passage • Those who survived the journey were taken to the auction blocks • They were sold into slavery and forced to work the sugar or coffee plantations or the mines until their deaths • This tradition continued with their children, as well as their children’s children

32. What is the Columbian Exchange? • Defined as: • “the contact between any two people geographically separated from one another results in an ‘exchange’ of physical elements.” • In this case, the places were Europe, Africa, and the Americas • The main elements were animals, plants, and microbes (bacteria/disease)

33. Animals • Domesticated Animals • The only one in Latin America was the llama. • Turkeys were the only one in North America. • Europeans brought: • Cattle, chickens, donkeys, goats, horses, pigs, rabbits, and sheep. • Not all animals that Europeans brought came directly from Europe. • Some animals came from Africa and Asia, with the Europeans

34. Animals • European livestock multiplied quickly. • Destroyed land with their hooves. • Introduction of cattle and horses • Provided new forms of transportation and mobility in warfare. • Also provided hides and meat • Animal fertilizer became an important part of agricultural system.

35. Plants • Europeans brought cash crops to the Americas and took new cash crops back. • To Europe: • Avocados, beans, cashews, chili peppers, cacao, corn, cotton, papayas, peanuts, pecans, pineapples, potatoes, rubber, squash, sweat potatoes, tobacco, and vanilla. • To the Americas: • Bananas, black pepper, citrus fruits, coffee, grapes, oats, onions, lettuce, pears, sugar, rice, rye, and wheat.

36. Plants • Like the animals, some came from Africa and Asia. • Old world crops (European) were stronger. • Had a more competitive original environment. • They took over and crowded out new world crops. • Other results/effects • Economy shifts to large scale agricultural production, which was very labor intensive. • Foods like bananas and wheat diversified American diets. • American crops like maize and potatoes had a big impact on European agriculture.

37. Old World Microbes • European diseases were especially harsh. • The most common diseases exchanged were: • Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever, and influenza. • Pathway for Diseases • Invisible to both Native Americans and Europeans. • Nearly all spread by air and touch; they infected quickly. • Trade goods were often the vehicle for the spread. • There is no creditable evidence that Europeans intentionally infected trade items in order to infect Native Americans.

38. Impact of Smallpox on the New World

39. Why were Europeans Immune? • Has everything to do with their original environment. • Most pathogens originate with animals or insects. • Domesticated animals and plants were more numerous in Europe. • Greater diversity meant more ecological protection. • However, Europeans did bring home some American diseases such as syphilis.

40. Focus Questions • Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion at the end of the 15th century? • How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their empires differ? • How and why did the Europeans expand into Africa, and what were the main consequences of their presence there? • What were the main features of the African slave trade, and what effects did it have on Africa? • What were the main characteristics of Southwest Asian civilization, and how was it affected by the coming of Islam and the Europeans?