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Skin Basics

Skin Basics. Structure, Function, and Aging Changes By: Maria Kneusel RN, BSN 2012. Some Facts About Skin. Skin is the largest organ of the body. It accounts for up to 15% of the body’s weight. Skin may hold up to 5% of the body’s blood supply.

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Skin Basics

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  1. Skin Basics Structure, Function, and Aging Changes By: Maria Kneusel RN, BSN 2012

  2. Some Facts About Skin • Skin is the largest organ of the body. • It accounts for up to 15% of the body’s weight. • Skin may hold up to 5% of the body’s blood supply. • Together with hair and nails, it comprises the Integumentary System.

  3. Skin Structure Skin consists of three main layers: 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue)

  4. Epidermis • The outermost layer of the skin • Avascular (not containing blood vessels) • Measures between 0.05-0.1 mm in thickness. • Replaced with new cells every 28 days. • Contains Keratinocytes,Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells

  5. Epidermal Cells

  6. Epidermal Structure Epidermis

  7. Dermis • Highly vascular connective tissue layer. • Measures between 1- 4mm in thickness. • Assists with temperature and blood pressure regulation. • Houses nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles. • Contains Fibroblasts.

  8. Dermal Cells Fibroblasts • Primary cells in the Dermis • Produce collagen (mechanical strength of skin). • Produce elastin (necessary in wound healing).

  9. Dermal Structure

  10. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue) • Located beneath the dermis. • Attaches dermis to underlying tissues (muscle or bone). • Provides insulation. • Provides shock absorption. • Contains adipocytes (fat cells).

  11. Hypodermal Cells Adipocytes • Primary cells in subcutaneous tissue. • Separated by collagen fibers and larger blood vessels. • Amounts vary with age, gender, heredity and nutrition.

  12. Hypodermal Structure Retrieved from: http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio110/chap05/110chap05.htm

  13. 1. Protection 2. Temperature regulation 3. Excretion 4. Infection control 5. Sensory perception 6. Vitamin D production Skin Functions The skin serves a variety of functions:

  14. Skin Functions (cont.)

  15. Skin Functions (cont.)

  16. Skin Functions (cont.)

  17. Aging and Skin Changes Aging can affect skin function in various ways: • Fewer melanocytes lead to decreased pigmentation and impaired protection against harmful UV rays. • Atrophy of sebaceous glands leads to dry skin. • Loss of elastin fibers leads to wrinkling.

  18. Aging (cont.) • Increased permeability to substances leads to higher potential for skin irritation. • Decreased fibroblast production and fragmented collagen lead to weaker skin that can tear more easily. • Decreased, more fragile vasculature leads to impaired wound healing and easy bruising. • Fewer nerve endings lead to reduced pressure and touch perception.

  19. Aging (cont.) • Decreased sweat production leads to poor temperature control and impaired excretion of waste products. • Loss of subcutaneous fat can lead to hypothermia and lessened shock absorption, increasing vulnerability to injury from pressure or repetitive impact. Image retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8690.htm

  20. Concluding Points • Skin plays an important role in wellness. • Knowledge of the skin’s basic structures and their functions can help nurses improve patient care. • Aging skin changes can be significant and impact overall health and quality of life.

  21. References Birmingham City University (n.d.). The Skin. Retrieved from: http://www.hcc.bcu.ac.uk/physiology/Skin.htm Prentice A., Goldberg, G.R., Schoenmakers, I. (2008). Vitamin D across the lifecycle. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 88(2) 500s-506s Festa E., Fretz, J. , Berry, R., Schmidt, B., Rodeheffer, M., & Horowitz, M. (2011) Adipocyte Lineage Cells Contribute to the skin stem cell niche to drive hair cycling. Cell.146, 761–771. DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.019 Gu, L-H., Cuolombe, P.A., (2007) Keratin function in skin epithelia: a broadening palette with surprising shades. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 19:13–23 Haberle, H., Lumpkin, E.A., (2008, June 1) Merkel cells in somatosensation. Chemosens Percept. 1(2): 110–118. doi:10.1007/s12078-008-9012-6. Jarvis, C. (2008). Physical examination and health assessment (5th ed.) St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier

  22. References (cont.) Lewis, L.S., Heitkemper M., Dirsken, S.R., O’Brien, P.G., Bucher, L. (2007). Medical- surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier Maricich, S.M., Morrison K.M., Mathes, E.L., Brewer, B.M. (2012) Rodents rely on merkel cells for texture discrimination Tasks. The journal of neuroscience. 32(10) 3296 –3300 McCance, K.L., Huether, S.E.(2010). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier Sparber, F., Tripp C.H., Hermann, M., Romani, M., Stoitzner, P. (2010).Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells capture protein antigens in the skin: Possible targets for vaccination through the skin. Immunobiology. 215(9-10): 770–779. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.014. Yale University (2005, December 20). Langerhans Cells Regulate Immune Reactions In The Skin. Science Daily. Retrieved April 24, 2012

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