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FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661)

FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661). Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig . wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87).

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FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661)

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  1. FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms” Create royal intendants (1633) who report corruption & ensure tax farmers get their $ Law suits Go to royal, not local courts, b/c intendants are royal officials w/no precedent of going anywhere but royal ct’s Intendants (& king) always win Gradually increase duties & powers of intendants & create parallel structure of non-feudal provinces (generalites) overlapping old feudal prov’s Royal intendants take over many of old feudal officials’ duties & powers w/o actually replacing them Further decline of nobles Intendants become the most reliable element in royal gov’t until French Revolution Basis for Louis XIV’s abs. monarchy (FC. 95)

  2. Henry IV (1594-1610), founder of the Bourbon dynasty and the man who restored order to France after its religious wars (1562-94)

  3. Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully (1560-1641). Henry IV’s prime minister, favored indirect taxes, such as sales taxes, the gabelle (a salt tax), and tolls, which everyone (i.e., even nobles and clergy) had to pay. He also started a nationwide highway system to facilitate trade. Thanks to Sully’s stringent financial measures, Henry IV had huge surplus in his treasury by his death. Sully even wanted to establish what he called the Great Design, an international body of all Christian rulers to help guarantee the peace, although he attributed the design to Henry IV. Sully resigned as minister in 1611, soon after Henry’s assassination.

  4. Louis XIII (1610-43), Henry IV’s son who came to the throne at the age of nine. After the regency of his mother, Marie de Medici, he ruled with the help and guidance of his first minister, Cardinal Richelieu

  5. Marie de Medici, Louis XIII’s mother who served as regent during his minority. She later lost power to Cardinal Richelieu who committed France to a more aggressive & costly involvement in the Thirty Years War. Portrait by Rubens (1622)

  6. Cardinal Richelieu who worked with Louis XIII to break the nobles’ power by destroying their castles, excluding them from royal councils, & restricting their privileges, such as outlawing dueling.

  7. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661)

  8. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87)

  9. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles

  10. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles

  11. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles

  12. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles

  13. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles

  14. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles

  15. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles

  16. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports

  17. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative

  18. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative

  19. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative

  20. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms”

  21. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms” Create royal intendants (1633) who report corruption & ensure tax farmers get their $

  22. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms” Create royal intendants (1633) who report corruption & ensure tax farmers get their $ Law suits Go to royal, not local courts, b/c intendants are royal officials w/no precedent of going anywhere but royal ct’s Intendants (& king) always win

  23. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms” Create royal intendants (1633) who report corruption & ensure tax farmers get their $ Law suits Go to royal, not local courts, b/c intendants are royal officials w/no precedent of going anywhere but royal ct’s Intendants (& king) always win Gradually increase duties & powers of intendants & create parallel structure of non-feudal provinces (generalites) overlapping old feudal prov’s

  24. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms” Create royal intendants (1633) who report corruption & ensure tax farmers get their $ Law suits Go to royal, not local courts, b/c intendants are royal officials w/no precedent of going anywhere but royal ct’s Intendants (& king) always win Gradually increase duties & powers of intendants & create parallel structure of non-feudal provinces (generalites) overlapping old feudal prov’s Royal intendants take over many of old feudal officials’ duties & powers w/o actually replacing them Further decline of nobles

  25. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms” Create royal intendants (1633) who report corruption & ensure tax farmers get their $ Law suits Go to royal, not local courts, b/c intendants are royal officials w/no precedent of going anywhere but royal ct’s Intendants (& king) always win Gradually increase duties & powers of intendants & create parallel structure of non-feudal provinces (generalites) overlapping old feudal prov’s Royal intendants take over many of old feudal officials’ duties & powers w/o actually replacing them Further decline of nobles Intendants become the most reliable element in royal gov’t until French Revolution

  26. A FC.94 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE (1598-1661) Monarchy cannot stop chaos of relig. wars in Fr.  People want strong king to ensure the peace (FC. 87) Henry IV (1598-1610) & Louis XIII (1610-43) (helped by his minister Cardinal Richelieu) work to rebuild Fr. econ. & royal power & treasury: Repudiate or pay loans at lower interest Paulette: tax on hereditary offices Ban duels Exclude nobles from royal councils Crush any plots & conspiracies Burn castles MERCANTILISM: Econ policy & theory that sees gold & silver as sole measures of wealth State develops & supports ind’s, roads, merch. marine, colonies, etc. to cut imports & raise exports Mercantilism is both good news & bad news: GOOD b/c kings are showing interest in state’s economy by developing roads, industries, etc. BAD b/c kings are showing too much interest in state’s econ. W/heavy handed absolutist rule that stifles initiative France feels strong enough to enter Thirty Years War Pay for it by selling “tax farms” Create royal intendants (1633) who report corruption & ensure tax farmers get their $ Law suits Go to royal, not local courts, b/c intendants are royal officials w/no precedent of going anywhere but royal ct’s Intendants (& king) always win Gradually increase duties & powers of intendants & create parallel structure of non-feudal provinces (generalites) overlapping old feudal prov’s Royal intendants take over many of old feudal officials’ duties & powers w/o actually replacing them Further decline of nobles Intendants become the most reliable element in royal gov’t until French Revolution Basis for Louis XIV’s abs. monarchy (FC. 95)

  27. Now, on to the Sun King But first, let’s take a look at the French Baroque

  28. Claude Lorraine (c.1604-82), Seaport at Sunset, 1639

  29. Claude Lorraine, The Embarkation of St. Ursula

  30. Claude Lorraine, Seaport

  31. Claude Lorraine, Morning in the Harbor

  32. Claude Lorraine, Disembarkation of Cleopatra at Tarsus

  33. Claude Lorraine, Villa de Medici

  34. Claude Lorraine, Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba (1648)

  35. Claude Lorraine, Morning in the Harbor, late 1630s

  36. Claude Lorraine, St. Paula Romana at Ostia

  37. Lorraine, Trojan Women Burning their Ships

  38. Claude Lorraine, The Departure of Hagar and Ishmael

  39. Claude Lorrraine, Ascanius Shooting a Stag

  40. Louis Le Nain, Peasant Family

  41. Louis Le Nain, Peasant Family (detail)

  42. Louis Le Nain, Peasant Repast

  43. Poussin(1594-1665), Self Portrait

  44. Poussin, The Judgment of Paris

  45. Poussin, The Funeral of Phocion

  46. Poussin, Echo and Narcissus Poussin, Echo and Narcissus

  47. Poussin,, Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery

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