2. LIBERALISM

5. LOUISE LABE(1526-1566) KISS ME AGAIN, KISS ME AGAIN AND KISS: GIVE ME THE MOST SWEET KISS, GIVE ME THE MOST PASSIONATE ; I WILL GIVE YOU BACK KISSES FOUR TIME WARMER THAN THE FIRE... THUS PUTTING TOGETHER OUR SO HAPPY KISSES CAN WE ENJOY FULLY EACH OTHER...

6. QUOTATIONS • «The individual knows better than any government what he needs» Stuart Mill • «The individual is the owner of his person» Locke • « I am free as long as the others do not interfere in my life» Berlin

7. Montesquieu • «The Greek politicians who lived in the popular government did not recognize other forces for support than the virtue. Those of today speak only about manufactures, trade, financing, richness and even luxury»

8. Rousseau • «The british people thinks that he is free, but he is wrong. He is free only during the elections, for the members of the parliament; as soon as the members are elected, the people no more exist.»

9. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE

10. EQUALITY • « I want to define the traits under which the despotism can appear in the world. The first thing that strikes the observation is a multitude of men equal and the same, everyone of them living apart and stranger each to the others. »

11. CONTEMPORARYLIBERALISM

12. E) CAUSES 1) COMPETITION OTHER IDEOLOGIES 2) SOCIETY HAS BECOME RICH 3) CAPITALISM NEED INCREASING ROLE OF THE STATE 4) NEW TRENDS IN LIBERALISM

13. A) 2 SUBSTANTIALCHANGES 1) FOR UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE INDEPENDENT OF THE PROPERTY

14. 2) CONCEPT OF FREEDOM IS ENLARGED NOT ONLY TO AVOID STATE INTERFERENCE • FREEDOM POSITIVE DIMENSION • BRING SOME HELP TO THOSE IN NEED • NEW ROLE OF THE STATE: REDUCTION OF INEQUALITY • TO INTERVENTEIF CONCURRENCE IS THREATENED

15. B) PRINCIPLES OF PLURALIST DEMOCRACY 1) PRIVATE DIMENSION OF INDIVIDUAL 2) CONSTITUTIONNALITY 3) POLITICAL EQUALITY 4) ALTERNANCE 5) MARKETAND LIMITS OF THE STATE

16. C) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLURALIST DEMOCRACY • IMPORTANCE OF INTEREST GROUPS • GENERAL WILL, CONFLICTS AND COMPROMISES • COMPETITION AND BALANCE • RAISONNABLE EGOISM

17. C) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLURALIST DÉMOCRACY 1 • STATE IS NO MORE A NECESSARY EVIL • SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POWER • CONSENSUS ACCEPTABLE BY THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL FORCES • DÉMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION OF THE INTEREST- GROUPS, ONE NECESSARY CONDITION FOR THE REPRÉSENTATION OF CITIZEN’ S INTERESTS

18. D) CRITICISM OF PLURALIST DEMOCRACY 1)government one third of the population is represented in the interest-groups. 2)ignore inequalitiesof interest-groups, inequality of their political influence 3)a conservative theory, all decisionrequire large support

19. D) CRITICISM OF PLURALIST DEMOCRACY 4)difficult to introduce in this political system new, global, long-termchanges 5)rise of negative phenomenas, criminality, divorce, alcoholism, etc

20. D) «STATE NIGHT WATCHMAN TO THE STATE ZOO WATCHMAN» EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF PLURALIST DEMOCRACY • REACTION AGAINST COLLECTIVISM • SOCIETY AS A ZOO, THE STATE ENCOURAGES THE DIFFERENCES AND THE CONTRASTS • CONSEQUENCE: WEAKENING AND VULNÉRABILITY OF THE STATE

22. E) CONCLUSION: WEAKNESSES OF LIBERALISM 1) LIBERALISM AND GLOBALIZATION 2) LIBERALISM = WESTERN CULTURE 3) FORMAL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL RIGHTS 4) LIBERALISM AND THE RIGHTS OF THE NATIONS 5) INTERFERENCE OF THE JUDICIARY ORGANS IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEM

23. LIBERALISM AND GLOBALIZATION • 2003 year: • The three richest persons have more assets than the GNP of the 48 poorest countries • 15 richest citizens have a capital that exceeds the GNP of all the black african countries • 225 of the richest citizens have assets equivalent to the assets of 2.5 billiards de gens.

24. E) CONCLUSION:STRENGTH OF LIBERALISM • CAPACITY OF EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION, TO RENEW ITSELF