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Understanding Early Societies and Indo-European Migrations in Southwest Asia

This chapter explores the defining features of early civilizations in Southwest Asia, focusing on urbanization, political systems, social hierarchies, economic specialization, and religious practices. It examines what it means to live in a city, including the need for order, specialized labor, and record-keeping systems. Additionally, it discusses the technological advancements in Mesopotamia, the migration of Indo-European peoples, and their cultural and linguistic impacts. The chapter also highlights the significance of the Phoenicians and the early Hebrews in shaping the region's history.

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Understanding Early Societies and Indo-European Migrations in Southwest Asia

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  1. Chapter 2 Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

  2. Civilization Defined • Urban • Political/military system • Social stratification • Economic specialization • Religion • Communications

  3. What does it mean to live in a city?

  4. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food.

  5. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order.

  6. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order. • Specialized labor means more intricate social structure.

  7. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order. • Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. • Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems).

  8. What does it mean to live in a city? • You don’t grow food. • There is a need for order. • Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. • Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems). • Trade

  9. Mesopotamian Empires1800-600 BCE

  10. Technological Development in Mesopotamia • Bronze (copper with tin), c. 4000 BCE • Military, agricultural applications • Iron, c. 1000 BCE • Cheaper than bronze • Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BCE • Shipbuilding increases trade networks

  11. Uses for Writing • Trade • Astronomy • Mathematics • Agricultural applications • Calculation of time • 12-month year • 24-hour day, 60-minute hour

  12. The Early Hebrews • Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE • Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi • Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE • Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption • On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE)

  13. Moses and Monotheism • Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations • Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god • Denies existence of competing parallel deities • Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law • The Torah (“the teaching”)

  14. Foreign conquests of Israel • Civil war • Northern tribes: Israel • Southern: Judah • Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE • Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes • Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE • Additional exile of many residents of Judah • Returned later than century

  15. Israel and Phoenicia, 1500-600 BCE

  16. The Phoenicians • City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE • Extensive maritime trade • Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE • Development of alphabet symbols • Simpler alternative to cuneiform • Spread of literacy

  17. Indo-European Migrations • Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India • Implies influence of a single Indo-European people • Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE • Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely

  18. The Indo-European Migrations

  19. Implications of Indo-European Migration • Hittities migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia • Influence on trade • Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron • Iron • Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant • Influence on language and culture • Aryo, “noble, lord” • Aryan, Iranian, Irish • Caste system in India

  20. Origins and Spread of Agriculture

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