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Child Labour in the Americas State of progress

Child Labour in the Americas State of progress. IACML / GT2 Buenos Aires, 12 April 2005. What is child labour?.

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Child Labour in the Americas State of progress

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  1. Child Labour in the AmericasState of progress IACML / GT2 Buenos Aires, 12 April 2005.

  2. What is child labour? It is any economic activity performed by male and female children and adolescents below the minimum age specified by a given country for admission to employment, whatever their occupational classification (wage earner, self-employed, unpaid family worker). Child labour also includes economic activities undertaken by male and female children and adolescents under 18 years of age, where they interfere with schooling, or are performed in dangerous environments or under conditions affecting their immediate or future psychological, physical, social and moral development.

  3. General Legal Framework • Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990. • ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998. • Minimum Age Convention n.138, 1973. • Minimum Age Recommendation n. 146, 1973. • Worst Forms of Child Labour Conventionn. 182, 1999. • Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation n. 190, 1999

  4. What must be eliminated • Any work or labour activity performed by a male or female child or adolescent below the established minimum age. • Any work endangering their physical or moral health or interfering with his/her education. • Without delay, the universally recognized worst forms of child labour: slavery, bonded labour, human trafficking, forced recruitment and use in armed conflicts, commercial sexual exploitation, pornography, illicit activities.

  5. What must be eliminated (cont.) Fuente: Panorama Laboral ILO 2004

  6. The problem • Poverty • Lack of access to social programmes • Inadequate education • Insufficient income Need to use child labour Child Labour Precarious Labour Family needsnot always met The child labour cycle is not broken

  7. The size of the problem 246 million male and female children aged 5-17 are working 180 million male and female children aged 5-17areexposed to the worst forms of child labour % of economically active children over the total population aged 5-14 : ASIA AND THE PACÍFIC 19% SUBSAHARIAN AFRICA 29% Sectors Agriculture,fishing,hunting,forestry 70.0 % Manufacturing 8.3 % Commerce 8.3 % Community services 6.5 % Transport 3.8 % Building 1.9 % Mining 0.8 % LATIN AMERICAAND THE CARIBBEAN 16% MIDDLE EAST AND NORTHERN AFRICA 15% Source: Global Report. A Future without Child Labour. ILO - 2002.

  8. The size of the problem (cont.) Fuente: Panorama Laboral ILO 2004

  9. The size of the problem (cont.) Fuente: Panorama Laboral ILO 2004

  10. How best to approach this problem? • After nearly 10 years of experience accumulated since IPEC’s launch in the Region, the ILO has learned that the best strategy for addressing the child labour issue is one comprising a number of actions centered on three approaches: Regional Approach NationalApproach DirectAction SubregionalPlans CountryProgrammes Systematizatión

  11. How best to approach this problem? (cont.) Regional Plan Regional Goals RegionalApproach TripartiteMeetings American Summit Summit of Iberoamerican Heads of State Regional Information System on CL (SIRTI) Horizontal Cooperation among countries

  12. How best to approach this problem? (cont.) Subgroup 10 MERCOSURPlan Parliamentary Commission Socio-LabourCommission SubregionalApproach AndeanPlan Cartagena Agreement Junta Horizontal Cooperation among countries Comisión Andina Juristas Central American Plan Summit of Labour Ministers PARLACEN CARICOMPlan Summit of Labour Ministers HorizontalCooperation

  13. How best to approach this problem? (cont.) Statistics Adaptation Labour Inspection NationalApproach (Country Programmes) Legislative Adaptation Strengthening Social Partners Incorporating CL into Social Policies National Policy Monitoring systems Direct Action Programmes

  14. How far have we got? Institutionalizing the fight against child labour • SOUTH AMERICA • National Commissions In all countries National Commissions for the Elimination of Child Labour have been created, whether tripartite or quadripartite.

  15. How far have we got? (cont.) • National Plans The National Plans embody effective compliance with ILO Convention n. 138 on the minimum age for admission to employment, and provide the guidelines and strategies to be followed by individual countries in order to achieve the goal of preventing and eliminating child labour.

  16. How far have we got? (cont.) • CENTRAL AMERICA, PANAMA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC , HAITI AND MEXICO • National Commissions In all countries National Commissions for the Elimination of Child Labour have been created, whether tripartite or quadripartite.

  17. How far have we got? (cont.) • National Plans • The National Plans embody effective compliance with ILO Convention n. 138 on the minimum age for admission to employment, and provide the guidelines and strategies to be followed by individual countries in order to achieve the goal of preventing and eliminating child labour.

  18. How far have we got? (cont.) • THE CARIBBEAN • 2001: Specific child labour elimination actions begin. • COUNTRIES: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago. • NATIONALCOMMISSIONS: Commissions have been set up in each of these seven countries. • NATIONAL PLANS: Being prepared in: Belize, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago.

  19. ILO Child Labour Conventions • In the region, overall there are 35 countries members of the ILO. • 27 countries have ratified Convention n. 138 on the minimum age for admission to employment. (The following countries have not ratified the Convention: Canada, Haiti, Mexico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent & Granadines, Soriname, USA.) • 31 countries have ratified Convention n. 182 on the worst forms of child labour. (The following countries have not ratified the Convention: Cuba, Haiti, Surinam, Venezuela) • Only 2 countries (Surinam and Haiti) have ratified neither Convention.

  20. Legislative Harmonization – State of Progress

  21. Legislative Harmonization – State of Progress (cont.) • In the Region’s countries the minimum age for admission to employment has been raised to 14 or 15 years, and to 16 years in some (Brazil and Honduras) . • All countries have begun legislative harmonization processes on labour, criminal education and children’s protection laws, in line with ILO Conventions n. 138 and n. 182. • Labour and Criminal Codes have been reformed in several countries in the Region. • ILO supports and provides technical assistance to the process of reform of children’s and adolescents’ codes in: Argentina, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru and Dominican Republic.

  22. Legislative Harmonization – State of Progress (cont.) • Work to identify dangerous types of work is making steady progress in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Paraguay, Dominican Republic, in accordance with Convention n. 182, art. 3 d.. • National studies on legislative harmonization have been carried out in the Mercosur countries and Chile. • Comparative legislation studies have been carried out on child domestic labour and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. • In the Caribbean, a comparative national legislation study is under way, along with legislative adaptation to ensure compliance with the commitment to eliminate child labour. Work will be completed in April 2005.

  23. Statistics Adaptation – State of Progress • 13countries—namely Belize, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Dominican Republic -- have carried out national surveys on child labour and are about to carry out national surveys including a child labour module as a part of their Household Surveys. • 4countries—namely Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru-- are preparing child labour surveys (SIMPOC). OTHER STATISTICAL STUDIES • 54rapid evaluations on the child labour situation in various countries and sectors. • 40baseline studies.

  24. Sectoral Research • AGRICULTURE • On the agricultural sector and specific crops:Guyana, Dominican Republic, Surinam and Trinidad • Rice: Dominican Republic • Banana: Ecuador • Broccoli: Guatemala • Sugar cane: Bolivia and El Salvador • Coffee: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Dominican Republic • Building: Ecuador • Flower growing: Ecuador • Basic grains: Nicaragua • Ferns: Guatemala • Melon: Honduras • Tobacco: Honduras and Nicaragua • Tomato: Dominican Republic

  25. Sectoral Research • On small-scale mining: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Surinam • On child domestic labour : Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Surinam and Trinidad & Tobago. • On solid wastes gathering: Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and Trinidad & Tobago. • On fireworks: El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. • On fishing activities: El Salvador, Guyana and Honduras. • On urban child labour : Jamaica, El Salvador and Dominican Republic. • On tourism: Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica and Tinidad & Tobago. • On the involvement of male and female children and adolescents in commercial sexual exploitation: Argentina,Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Surinam and Trinidad & Tobago.

  26. Sharing information The Regional Information System on Child Labour - SIRTI The information generated in the Region on child labour, whatever the source, is collected, organized, and then distributed and made available to a variety of users through: • Regional bulletin Encuentros : Access for South America: http://www.oit.org.pe/ipec/boletin Access for Central America http://www.oit.org.pe/ipec/boletin_cr/ • Web page of IPEC América Latina Access for South America: http://www.oit.org.pe/ipec Access for Central America http://www.ipec.oit.or.cr/ • Information network Over 5000 subscribers. • Bibliographic colection 1900 titles available for ON LINE consultation • CD ROMs • Query network: For South America:sirti@oit.org.pe For Central America:sirti@sjo.oit.or.cr • Publications, pamphlets and other information dissemination material.

  27. Direct Action: Serving Male and Female Children, Adolescents, and their Communities Between 1996 and 2005 nearly 300intervention projects were carried out in a wide range of sectors in South America. • COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LABOUR • 47projects in: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic. • RUBBISH DUMPS • 14 projects in: Argentina, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago. • FIREWORKS • 6 projects in: El Salvador and Guatemala. • COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION, TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS • 26 projects in: Argentina, Brazil (involvement of male and female children in drug trafficking), Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela. • BRICKWORKS • 7 projects in: Argentina, Ecuador, Peru. • MINING • 44 projects in: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru.

  28. Direct Action: Serving Male and Female Children, Adolescents, and their Communities (cont.) • FISHERIES • 11 projects in: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica. • CHILD DOMESTIC LABOUR • 33 projects in: Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic. • URBAN CHILD LABOUR • 28 projects en: Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Colombia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, • CHILD LABOUR IN BRICKWORKS • 6 projects in: Ecuador, Peru. • AWARENESS RAISING AND SOCIAL MOBILIZATION • 17 projects in: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru Dominican Republic. • EDUCATION • 5 projects in: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Peru. • INSTITUTION STRENGTHENING • 19 projects in: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela. • RURAL LABOUR • 4 projects in: Panama, Paraguay, Costa Rica, El Salvador.

  29. Workers’ Organizations against Child Labour • IPEC has promoted programmes focused on mobilizing teachers’ organizations in: • They are active participants in National Commissions or Committes for the Prevention and Elimination of Child Labour. • They have contributed to the ratification of ILO Conventions n. 138 and 182 by: Colombia (CUT, CTC, CGTD); Ecuador (FUT, CEOSL, CEDOC/CLAT); Guatemala (CUSG) and Peru (CUT, CGTP). • They monitor working conditions and report abuses against male and female children and adolescents. • They inform adult workers about the importance of providing their sons and daughters with education, of protecting them against work hazards and submitting proposals for consideration at the collective negotiation table. • In MERCOSUR and Chile, 8central trade unions grouped under the South Cone Central Trade Unions Coordinating Bureau – CCSCS are carrying out a project that envisages participation in the Subregion’s child labour elimination policies. • UATRE in Argentina, CMT and the Costa Rica Education Workers’ Union are engaged in direct action projects. MEXICO DOMINICAN REPUBLIC NICARAGUA COSTA RICA COLOMBIA PERÚ SUTEP CHILE Colegio de Profesores de Chile ARGENTINA CTERA

  30. Employers’ organizations against child labour National Network for the Elimination of Child Labour CENTRAL AMERICA • Have subscribed declarations committing themselves not to hire male or female child workers in their businesses. This commitment has been confirmed in Codes of Conduct. • Have carried out joint projects addressing children-related issues. • Take active part in identifying industries or activities employing minor workers. • Develop basic education, vocational training and capacity strengthening programmes. • Support the creation of income generation alternatives for the families of children, and for the improvement of working conditions for adolescents. Brazil Argentina, Chile, Peru Consejo Hondureño de la Empresa Privada Unión Costarricense de Cámaras de Asociaciones de la Empresa Privada Colombia Confederación de Empresarios Privados de Bolivia Consejo Nacional de la Empresa Privada Confederación Nacional de Instituciones Empresariales PrivadasPeru

  31. Conclusions and Recommendations • Only 10 years ago child labour was not seen as a problem, given the dearth of national and regional capacities to address it. • In spite of the progress made by individual countries in approving policies and plans to address and eliminate child labour, the high incidence of the latter in our region points to the need to redouble efforts and take stronger actions to address this scourge in each and every country. • To ensure their sustainability, efforts against the types of child labour to be abolished must become a public policy priority through their institutionalization and integration into national policies and programmes, and the social agendas of governments, on a par with poverty reduction strategies. • On one hand, it is necessary to ensure that existing social programmes are accessible to families with children engaged in work to be abolished. On the other hand, access to those programmes by the families concerned should, for instance, be subject to the condition that their working children are withdrawn from work. • The high rural incidence of work to be abolished and its concentration in agriculture point to the necessity to carry out programmes directed at and adapted for rural areas, and taking into account the social, economic and infrastructural limitations often faced by the inhabitants of those areas.

  32. Conclusions and Recommendations (cont.) • Link CONAETIs to national children’s rights protection systems. • Adapt and effectively apply the legislation comprised within the framework of ILO Conventions n. 138 and n. 182. • Carry out surveys in countries where this information is not yet available and systematically include the Child Labour Module every 2/4 years in household surveys. • Address the issue of child labour in indigenous populations. • Strengthen and organize Horizontal Cooperation.

  33. Let us build together an UTOPIA THAT IS WITHIN REACH: Un futuro sin trabajo infantil

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