1 / 21

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. BLOOD HEART BLOOD VESSELS. Hematology - study of blood. BLOOD. Liquid connective tissue comprising 8% of body weight 4-5 times more viscous than water, salty Volume - 4-6 liters . FUNCTIONS.

lane
Télécharger la présentation

Anatomy and Physiology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Anatomy and Physiology

  2. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD HEART BLOOD VESSELS

  3. Hematology - study of blood

  4. BLOOD • Liquid connective tissue comprising 8% of body weight • 4-5 times more viscous than water, salty • Volume - 4-6 liters

  5. FUNCTIONS • Transportation - oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones and wastes • Protection - have cells that phagocytize bacteria and produce antibodies; clotting mechanisms that prevent blood loss • Regulation - pH, body temperature,water content

  6. Components of Blood • PLASMA - is the liquid portion of the blood and consists primarily of water (92%) and plasma proteins (7%) • Proteins - albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen • FORMED ELEMENTS - solid component of the blood consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets • BLOOD - 55% plasma 45% formed elements

  7. Types of Cells • Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells • Leukocytes - White Blood Cells • Thrombocytes - Platelets

  8. Erythrocytes • Very flexible, biconcave disk lacking a nucleus • Most numerous of cells; 5million/mm3 • Transport respiratory gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide • Approximately 120 day life span • Hemoglobin - major constituent consisting of 4 polypeptide globin chains with a heme molecule in each one • Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules • Sickle Cell Anemia

  9. Types of Tests • Red blood cell count • Hemoglobin • Hematocrit • Reticulocyte

  10. Leukocyte - WBC • Granulocytes - • Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria (60-70%); polys/segs • Eosinophils - associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections (2-4%) • Basophils - involved in the inflammatory response as well as allergic reactions; granules contain heparin and histamine (0.5-1%) • Agranulocytes - play a crucial role in immunity • Monocytes - phagocytic macrophages (3-8%) • Lymphocytes - involved in immunity; B cells and T cells (20-25%)

  11. Thrombocyte - Platelet • Cytoplasmic fragments that are essential in blood clotting; help form a platelet plug • Platelets have a life span of only 5-9 days • Normal platelet count :250,000-400,00/mm3

  12. HEMOSTASIS Blood clotting

  13. Stages of blood clotting • Vascular spasms - blood vessel constriction • Formation of a platelet plug - platelets stick to each other and the collagen exposed in the damaged tissue to form a plug • Coagulation - formation of a clot

  14. Coagulation • Involves two chemical, enzymatic pathways resulting in the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin • Extrinsic pathway - PT test • Intrinsic pathway - PTT test • Thirteen clotting factors involved; most are produced in the liver • Vitamin K dependent - II, VII, IX, X

  15. Stages of blood clotting • Formation of prothrombinase (prothrombin activator) • Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin • Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

  16. Coagulation • Normal coagulation involves: • normal platelets • clotting factors • vitamin K • calcium • Clot Retraction • Fibrinolysis

  17. Clotting Disorders • Thrombus • Embolus • Hemophilia • Thrombocytopenia • DIC

  18. Blood Groups - Typing • Blood is typed into groups depending upon the type of agglutinogens(antigens) present on the red blood cell surface • The plasma may contain genitically determined agglutinins or antibodies against the blood group antigens that they DO NOT have • The ABO and Rh system are based upon antigen-antibody type responses

  19. Blood Typing • ABO system - people who posses the A antigen on the RBC surface are type A; if you posses the B antigen you are blood type B; if both A and B are present you are type AB; if neither A or B antigens are present, your blood type is O • Type O - universal donor, can give blood to anyone • Type AB - universal recipient, can receive blood from any blood type • Rh system - individual whose red blood cells posses the D antigen are Rh+, either Rh+ or Rh- • Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn • RhoGam

  20. Blood Disorders • Erythrocyte disorders • Anemia - due to decreased number of red blood cells or a deficiency of hemoglobin • aplastic anemia • pernicious anemia • iron deficiency • hemolytic anemia • Thalassemia • Polycythemia • White blood cell disorders • Leukopenia / leukocytosis • Infectious mononucleosis • Leukemia • predominate cell type • acute / chronic

More Related