Classification and ID, Ch 2, -33

1. Classification and ID, Ch 2, -33 • With the trends toward globalization, and the “world getting smaller” a uniform system of naming plants is needed. • Carl Linnaeus is recognized as the person who initiated the scientific [botanical, or binomial] system of classification

2. The binomial system -34 • Genus, species, classifier • Example: Vigna unguiculata, Walp. • Or Vigna unguiculata, Wallp • When you write scientific names of plants, you will be expected to italicize, or underline the genus and species terms (!)

3. Botanical Classification -33 • Kingdom – Plantae • Division – Magnoliophyta • Class ! • Lilliopsida (Monocots) ! • Magnoliopsida (Dicots) ! • Subclass • Order

4. Bot. Classification, cont. -33 • This is where it gets practical [know] • Family ! • Poaceae (Gramineae) • Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) • Genus ! • Species ! • Subspecies • Variety

5. Important Crop Families -34 • 1. Fabaceae - legumes • 2. Poaceae - grasses • 3 Brassicaceae – mustards • 4. Solanaceae – nightshade, potato • 9. Malvaceae – mallow family (e.g. cotton) • 12. Convovulaceae – morning glory family

6. Scientific names of crops we need to know, first the cereals -35 • Barley – Hordeum vulgare L. • Maize – Zea mays L. • Oats – Avena sativa L. • Rice – Oryza sativa L. • Rye – Secale cereale L. • Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor (Moench) • Wheat, bread – Triticum aestivum L.

7. Sci. names of crops to know, oil and protein -35 • Bean, com./field – Phaseolus vulgaris L. • Cowpea – Vigna spp. • Peanut – Arachis hypogaea L. • Pigeonpea – Cajanus cajan Millsp. • Soybean – Glycine max Merr. • Sunflower – Helianthus annuus L.

8. Sci. names of crops to know - 35 • Root and Tuber • Cassava – Manihot esculenta Crantz • Potato – Solanum tuberosum L. • Sweet potato – Ipomoea batatas L. • Yams – Dioscorea spp. • Sugar • Sugarcane – Saccharum officinarum L. • Sugarbeet – Beta vulgaris L.

9. Sci. names of crops to know -35 • Fiber • Cotton, upland – Gossypium hirsutum L. • Kenaf – Hibiscus cannabinus L. • Drug/Medicinal • Tobacco – Nicotiana tabacum L. • Hemp – Cannabis sativa L.

10. Forages - 36 • Very important for feed, crop rotations, erosion control, environmental enhancements (landscaping) . . . • But not a focus of this course

11. Other Categories of Life -36 • Taxonomists proposing five kingdoms: • Monera – bacteria • Protista – protozoa and algae • Fungi – [true] fungi • Plantae – Plants • Animalia – multicellular animals (insects/worms/mammals) • (more)

12. Monera -37 • Unicellular • Reproduce by cell division (binary fission) • Most abundant organism, most environments • Include Ps and non-Ps bacteria • Usually saprophytes or parasites

13. Monera, in agriculture -37 • Breakdown of residues, pesticides,wastes • Nutrient recycling • Causative agents for plant diseases • Improvement of soil structure via decomp. • Nitrogen Fixation • Biological control (diseases of pests)

14. Protista -37 • Unicellular and multicellular (e.g. algae) • Ps and non-Ps, in moist environments • (Includes marine plankton) • Algae is seen as basis of food chains and health of aquatic ecosystems

15. Fungi - 37 • No Ps • Saprophytes and parasites • Reproduce by fission, budding, spores • Includes molds, yeasts, mushrooms and pathogens • (More)

16. Fungi, agriculturally -37 • Breakdown of residues, pesticides, wastes • Nutrient recycling • Causative agent for many diseases • Improves soil structure, via decomp. • Biological control of pests • Improves absorption of nutrients (mycorrhizae)

17. Viruses -38 • Only reproduce in living cells • (Non-living) • Agriculturally important: • Causative agent for diseases • Biological control of pests

18. Place of Origin -38 • Origin of species defined as geographic area with greatest diversity of that species • Nikolai Vavilov credited with concept • Important to plant breeders who are seeking rare genetic traits • Jack Harlan did more recent classifications and reclassifications

19. Vavilov’s Centers of Origin • Center Imp’t Species • Chinese Soybean • Indian Rice • Central Asia Wheat • Mediterranean White Clover • Ethiopia Sorghum • Central America Maize • South America Potato, Peanuts

20. Broad categories, based on origin • Indigenous – natives • Exotic – introduced to area, intentionally or unintentionally (e.g., kudzu, cogongrass) • Problem of invasives costing millions $$

21. Species Native Western Hem.-39 • Prairie grasses – many • Common Bean Maize • Papaya Peanut • Potato Sunflower • Sweet Potato Switchgrass • Tobacco Tomato

22. Classification: Agronomic Use -39 • Grain – any crop grown for its seed for animal feed or human food • Cereal – grass grown for its edible seed ! • Small Grain – small-seeded species of grain crops • Pulse – legume grown for its edible seed ! • Forages: Hay=cut, cured; Silage=forage preserved in succulent condition via fermentation; Greenchop =cut, fed fresh (soilage)

23. Specific Agronomic Use/1 ! -40 • Catch – replaces failed crops • Nurse – sown to help establish another • Companion – crops grown in association • Cover – protects soil, conserves nutrients • Supplementary – crops grown to increase production in unfavorable periods • Green manure – crop incorporated to improve soil fertility

24. Specific Agronomic Use/2 ! 40 • Seed – any crop grown to produce seed for planting • Trap – crop used to attract insects or parasites • Oil – crops grown for oil content • Fiber – crops grown for paper or textiles

25. Terms in Cropping Systems -40 • Crop Rotation ! – yearly succession of crops – opposite of “monocropping” • Fallow – two types • Summer – to conserve moisture • Bush – to restore nutrients

26. Sole cropping vs monocropping • Clarification – Sole crop means only “one species in a field at one time” – e.g. most US grown row crops are “sole” cropped. Not so in limited input farming where farmers will intercrop (“consorcio”) as a risk reduction practice. Opposite of intercropping. • Monocropping is “over time,” opposite of rotation

27. Life Cycle/1 - 41 • Annuals – complete entire life cycle and die in one year • Spring annuals – grow and mature in spring (e.g., oats, spring wheat) • Summer annuals – plant in spring, harvest in fall (e.g., soybeans, peanuts) • Winter annuals – planted in fall, vernalized, harvest following spring (winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye)

28. Life Cycle/2 (cont.) - 41 • Biennials – typically require two growing seasons to complete life cycle, requiring vernalization (e.g., sweetclover, carrot, turnip, sugarbeet) • Perennials – indefinite life period, do not die after reproduction

29. ID of common plants -42

30. Vernation, imp’t in grass ID -43

31. Inflorescence types -45

32. Three most common -45

33. Inflorescence types -45 • Spike (e.g. wheat, rye, barley) • Raceme (pearl millet) • Panicle (rice, oats) • Head (red clover, white clover)

34. Common Field Crops, Cereals -45 • Maize (corn), Zea mays • Annual • Flower type – imperfect (monoecious) a major problem in marginal and unpredictable ppt environments • Types: Dent, Flint, Flour, Pop, Pod, Sweet • Grain about 9% protein • Ethanol (now)

35. Grain Sorghum, -46 There are several types of sorghum, however Sorghum bicolor is Grain & Forage grown in US. • Life cycle – KLB believes it to be short-lived perennial – it behaves like a perennial – it “rattoons” and it has a dormancy mechanism (note!) • Quite drought-tolerant (perfect flowers) • Efficient user of moisture – TR of about 325 • Protein is not well balanced, and only ~8%, with feeding value of 85-90% of corn

36. Small Grains -46 • All germinate under cool temps, can be grown where ppt is limited • Barley (Hordeum vulgare), primarily malt and feed uses • Oats (Avena sativa), among highest quality grains, ~14% and proven cholesterol reducer (Cheerios) also, primary nurse crop to est. forages • Rye (Secale cereale), most winter hardy of group • Wheat, most important and valued (see next)

37. Wheat, (½) -47 • Common wheat is Triticum aestivum and is hexaploid (6N) – bread and pastries ~14% protein • Durum wheat is Triticum durum and is known as “semolina” or spaghetti wheat and is highest protein % of cereals ~17, it is tetraploid (4N) Winter wheat requires “vernalization”

38. Wheat (2/2) -47 • Market classes of wheat • Hard red winter – bread -highest yielder (req. vern) • Hard red spring - bread • Soft red winter – (req. vernalization) • White – pastry and biscuit (lowest protein) • Durum – semolina (highest protein) • Mixed • Note: spring wheats are the Green Revolution wheats

39. Barley - 48 • Two major types: • Six-row – Hordeum vulgare • Two-row – Hordeum distichum • There are hulled (lemma and palea attached to caryopsis after harvest) and hull-less types

40. Rye -49 • Winter and spring types • Hardiest and most tolerant of small grains • Grain may contain fungus (Ergot) which can be recognized – gives meal “fishy” smell • Cover crop in SE, protects soil and conserves nutrients (environmental!)

41. Oats -49 • Excellent food and feed – high protein • Typically, dairy operations will have oats in program, as feed and to establish forages • Forage seed develop slowly, permitting weeds to get jump on them • Oats germinate under cool temps and grow quickly, shading out the weeds, but permitting the forage to get started • Straw value can be substantial

42. Rice - 50 • Several types (polished rice ~8% protein): • japonica – paddy (irrigated) – Green Revolution rice – short, sticky kernels/cooked • indica – upland – slender, dry kernels/cooked • javanica • African (Nerica) – recent yield breakthrough • Oryzae glabberima – Floating rice • Note that wild rice is not Oryzae, but Zizania

43. Pulse Crops - 50 • Fix their own nitrogen! • Are high protein, typically 17-25% • Tend to be susceptible to pests • None have had jumps in yield and many had acreage losses to Green Revolution crops

44. Soybeans (Glycine max) -50 • Highest in protein ~38% • Also an oil crop – 18-20% • Vegetable types known as Edamame • Healthy food, among other benefits, contains “lecithin” – an emulsifier or lubricant in foods and pharmaceuticals • Currently, candidate for “biofuel” • When used in crop rotation, contributes about one lb. nitrogen per bushel produced, to next crop

45. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) • Also known as “groundnut” • Here in FL, most data indicates no response to fertilization • Oil content (biofuel!) is ~40% • Protein is ~20 • US Farmers grow as “quota” crop, or “additionals”

46. Other pulses – 51 + • Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) – grows well in hot, humid environments • Field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) –prefers cool environments, lots of pests • Field peas (Pisum sativum) – grows well under cool temps • Lentils (Lens culinaris)

47. Oil crops – 52 + • Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), native US • Unlikely to see GMO sunflower in near future • Major restriction in SE – Alternaria • Sesame • Safflower • Canola • (Soybeans and peanuts)

48. Sugar crops –53 + • Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) • Biennial • Sugar and feed • Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) • Perennial, rattoons • Sugar and ethanol

49. Fiber -54 • Cotton, several types (Gossypiumhirsutum) is “upland cotton” grown in US • Seed contains anti-metabolite Gossypol • Probably most tolerant common crop to saline soils (an increasing problem) • Historically, more pesticides used than any other crop, per acre

50. Text pages not in quiz • The forages, while very important, are not the focus of this course. The forage information starting on page 54, thru 64, will not be on the quizzes or final exam. • The following questions from the Self-Evaluation Test are not candidates for quizzes: Items 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, & 25. This info is posted in corridor outside 2196