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Kingdom Anamalia • Animal Kingdom contains organisms that are: • Motile • multicellular • diploid • heterotrophic • ingestive nutrition • eukaryotic • oogamous sexual reproduction • blastula embryonic development
Kingdom Anamalia • The Animal Kingdom contains the most species (more than 1 million known and an estimated 1 million undiscovered) • We will study 10 phyla divided into subphyla, classes and orders • 5 Lower Phyla of Invertebrates (sponges, jellyfish some worms) • 4 Higher Phyla of Invertebrates (snails, insects, starfish) (+ 2 sub-phyla) • 1 Chordata Sub-Phyla (fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals & me & you)
Kingdom Anamalia • Multicellular Animals = Metazoa • The metazoan cell is a specialized part of the whole organism and is incapable of independent existence • Protozoan cells can live independently
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement • 1) Number of cells/level of organization, cells > tissues > organs > systems • 2) Number of Embryonic “Germ Layers” • diploblastic - 2 layers of tissue - ectoderm & endoderm, separated by a mesoglea layer “middle glue” • triploblastic - ectoderm - skin & nervous tissue - mesoderm - support & movement - endoderm - digestive organs, spleen, pancreas
Kingdom Anamalia • Embryonic layers develop into body layers • Most animals become a “tube within a tube” • Inner tube, endoderm, is lining of the digestive tract and reproductive system • Outer tube, ectoderm, is protective and sense organs • In between tubes, mesoderm, are reproductive, muscular, circulatory and excretion systems.
Kingdom Anamalia • Animals with three body layers can be divided into three categories • Acoelomates have no space between their layers • Coelomates contain a fluid-filled space in the mesoderm (coelom). This allows their body organs to move independently. • Pseudocoelomates - fluid-filled pseudocoel between layers
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement • 3) Determination of basic structural relationships • Homologies - homologous structures - a structure with similar structure and derived from the same embryonic tissue • (wing of a bat, wing of a bird, fin of a fish, arm of a human) • Analogies - Analogous structures - structure with similar function but different embryonic tissues • (leg of a centipede/ dog -or- wings of bee / bird)
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement • 4) Body symmetry in the young and in the adult • Asymmetry - no equal sides • Radial symmetry - central point, several places to divide in half equally - ex. Starfish • Bilateral symmetry - 1 plane of symmetry ex. Human • Related terms: anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, frontal plane, transverse plane, sagittal plane, proximal & distal
Kingdom Anamalia - more symmetry terms • Oral - toward the mouth • Aboral - away from the mouth • Caudal - toward the tail • Lateral - on the side • Medial - toward the midline
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera • “The Sponges” “Pore-bearing” 5,000 species • Sponges are simple, sessile, solitary or colonial filter feeders. They must live in water. • They are not true metazoans, because they have no tissues or organs - just specialized cells which are capable of some independent life. • (H. V. Wilson and his fine silk, 3 weeks recovery) • Sponges have radial or asymmetrical bodies, simple sponges have a vase-shaped body, sometimes with folds inside.
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera • Sponges are diploblasts with a specialized mesoglea that becomes a gelatinous matrix between endoderm & ectoderm. This mesoglea contains: • pinacocytes - outer layer for protection • porocytes - ring-shaped cells that form pores called ostia • choanocytes - collar cells, facing inward with flagella that create the feeding current and microvilli that trap food • amoebocytes - transport/digest food
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera • Archeocytes - totipotent cells that can morph into any of the above type cells or produce egg & sperm cells • A skeleton also exists in this layer, made of resilient fibrous protein called spongin and sharp little calcium carbonate spikes called spicules. The skeleton is used as a common bathing sponge. • Some sponges are symbionts with algae or cyanobacteria, giving them vibrant colors
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera • Feeding is accomplished by choanocytes drawing water in and filtering out microscopic plankton and dead tissue. • Amoebocytes phagocytize and digest food, moving it about the sponge • Water passes out an opening at the top of the sponge, called the osculum. Wastes are removed along with extra water. • Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through diffusion - no organs or systems
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Porifera • Reproduction occurs in several forms • Asexual through budding or fragmentation and regeneration • Sexual by flagellated sperm swims out of male sponge and is trapped in feeding current of a female with an egg. The zygote becomes a ciliated free swimming larvae before settling down. Monoecious and hermaphroditic. • Some form gemmules - little balls of amoeboid cells surrounded by spicules that break off to form a new adult. Some overwinter as gemmules.
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria Cnid = nettle or irritate Radial Symmetry, Diploblastic Entirely aquatic, mostly marine Tissue level of organization, exception-tentacles are organs (skin, muscle & nerve) Incomplete digestive system - single opening for mouth and anus (surrounded by tentacles) Digestive enzymes are secreted into the gut
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria Contain cnidocytes (stinging cells) on tentacles Cnidocil is a trigger Nematocyst is the stinger - it is barber with neurotransmitters and can stick to or wrap around prey
Kingdom Anamalia - Phylum Cnidaria Simple nervous net (statocysts) that is used for balance and orientation (no brain = no “thinking”) No excretory / no respiratory, simple diffusion accomplishes all gas exchange & waste needs
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa May be solitary or live in colonies Typical life cycle includes polyp & medusa example:Hydra freshwater, solitary polyp - never colonial or medusa reproduces asexually by budding or sexual under poor conditions producing sperm or eggs in gonad, but never both
Kingdom Anamalia - Class Hydrozoa Example: Portuguese man-of-war Looks like a jellyfish, but is actually a floating Colony of four different types of polyps: -the float polyp - gas filled for floating -the reproductive polyp - asexual -the tentacle polyp - stinging cells -the digestive polyp - shares with the colony
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