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Military Events and the Foundations of Canada

Explore the role of military events and their consequences in shaping the foundations of Canada, including the reasons behind exploration and the French and English wars. Discover the perspectives of those affected by war and the importance of historic projects like Fort Louisbourg.

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Military Events and the Foundations of Canada

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  1. Chapter 5 WAR AND PEACE How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada?

  2. Definitions • Superpower: A country that is more powerful than almost all other countries.

  3. Think back... • What was the driving force behind exploration?

  4. Think back... • What was the driving force behind exploration? #1 gaining access to valuable resources

  5. Think back... • What was the driving force behind exploration? #1 gaining access to valuable resources • What resources did “superpower” countries want to obtain?

  6. Think back... • What was the driving force behind exploration? #1 gaining access to valuable resources • What resources did “superpower” countries want to obtain? Spices, silks, sugar, rubber, ivory, diamonds, slaves, fish, furs, timber and land.

  7. Why were the French and English at war with each other?

  8. The French and English at War • They wanted more territories. • They wanted the resources in these territories. • Between 1690 and 1763, France and England were almost always at war with each other. • In this Chapter, we’re going to look at the Seven Years War and how France and England fought for control of New France.

  9. Perspectives of War • As we read the chapter, we will discuss war through the eyes of those affected by it. • Please go to page 7 “Perspectives about War” in your Chapter 5 booklet. • After reading the opinions expressed by the “talking heads” on pg 99 in the textbook, rewrite the opinions IN YOUR OWN WORDS .

  10. Background to War • When the Seven Years’ War began in 1756, it was close to be coming a world war. • France and England fought in: • Europe • India • The Caribbean • Africa • North America

  11. The French Perspective • By 1750, the French were well established in North America. • French colonists lived in a huge area including Ile Saint-Jean (PEI), Cape Breton and Louisiana. • Acadia belong to the British but was inhabited by French speaking people. • The heart of New France was a colony along the St. Lawrence River. About 50 000 colonists lived there.

  12. The French Perspective • The colonists were no longer Europeans. Why?

  13. The French Perspective • The colonists were no longer Europeans. Why? • By 1750, most of the population had been born in New France. • They were now CANADIENS!

  14. The French Perspective • New France felt secure: • They were protected by their home country. • They had a large number of soldiers living in the colony. • They had mighty fortresses at Quebec and Louisbourg (on Cape Breton island). • The French felt that the English armies would never get past them!

  15. Fortress Quebec • By 1750, Quebec had grown to be the largest town in New France with a population of about 8000. • It was the centre of French Power in North America.

  16. Fortress Quebec • Quebec had two parts: • Upper Town – walled fortress high above the river on top of a cliff. Includes the governor’s mansion and homes of the wealthy. • Lower Town – the port, huddled between the river and the cliff. Includes stone warehouses, and the homes of the tradespeople, labourers and shopkeepers. • It was the gateway to the colony. All ships coming up the river had to pass within cannon range of Quebec.

  17. Fort Louisbourg • Louisbourg was the French naval base on the east coast of Canada. • After the war, all that was left of Louisbourg was a pile of rocky rubble. For 150 years it lay deserted until it was made a National Historic Site in 1928. • In the 1960’s, work began to rebuild and restore the fortress to how it would have looked in the 1750’s.

  18. Fort Louisbourg

  19. Fort Louisbourg

  20. Fort Louisbourg

  21. Fort Louisbourg

  22. Fort Louisbourg

  23. Fort Louisbourg

  24. Fort Louisbourg • Do you think projects like Fort Louisbourg are important? Why or why not?

  25. Fort Louisbourg • Do you think projects like Fort Louisbourg are important? Why or why not? • These types of projects help Canadians feel a strong connection with our history. • It helps us know who we are.

  26. The English Perspective • English colonists from the Thirteen Colonies far outnumbered the French Colonists of New France. • They wanted to move from the East Coast into the interior of North America. • They wanted more farmland for their growing population. • They also wanted to trade with the First Nations in the interior. What resource do you think the British wanted to continue to control?

  27. The English Perspective • The Atlantic fisheries! • England also wanted to control the St. Lawrence River. • The English felt trapped, but they had the most powerful navy in the world.

  28. Questions Background to War page 101-105 1. Why did New France feel secure against an attack from the British? (2 pts) pg 101 2. Why did the English colonies want to gain control of the interior of the continent? (4 pts) pg 102

  29. Definitions • Acadian: A Francophone citizen of Acadia.

  30. The Acadians • In the mid-1700s, the Acadians were the descendents of the French colonists who had farmed the shores of the Bay of Fundy. • By 1710, most of Acadia was under British control. • By 1750, over 10 000 Acadians lived on small farms and villages along the Bay of Fundy. • Many had intermarried with their Mikmaq trading partners. • They were mainly French speaking Catholics.

  31. Caught in the Middle • Britain always wanted English speaking people to live in Acadia. • As tensions between France and Britain grew, the governor, Charles Lawrence became worried that the Acadians might side with the French.

  32. Caught in the Middle • The Mi’kmaq and Maliseet were allies with the Acadians, and over the years had captured many British ships. • The Acadians refused to swear loyalty to Britain.

  33. Caught in the Middle • In 1755, Governor Lawrence gave the Acadians a choice: swear your loyalty to Britain or lose you land. What choice would you make? Why?

  34. Caught in the Middle • The Acadians did not want to fight, but they also didn’t want to have choose sides - They wanted to remain neutral. • They promised not to take up arms against the English, but they refused to take an oath.

  35. Caught in the Middle • Governor Lawrence was convinced that the British would not be safe with the Acadians living in Nova Scotia. • He found his proof when British troops captured Fort Beauséjour from the French in 1755.

  36. Caught in the Middle • British troops found 300 Acadians defending the French fort. To Lawrence, this proved they were disloyal.

  37. Fort Beauséjour

  38. Caught in the Middle If you were Governor Lawrence what would you do? • Let the Acadians stay on their land. • Force the Acadians to sign an oath. • Punish the Acadians by destroying their villages and taking their resources. • Deport them - kick them off British land.

  39. The Acadians British Governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council decided on July 28, 1755 to deport the Acadians. The Deportation Order by Claude T. Picard

  40. Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation • Lawrence gave orders: “The French inhabitants of the province shall be removed out of the country as soon as possible.”

  41. Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation • British soldiers rounded up people at gunpoint. • They broke up families and made them board ships for separate countries. • They burned homes and churches. • They destroyed farms and drove off animals.

  42. Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation The Grand Dérangement displaced from 10,000 to 18,000 Acadians. Thousands more were killed. Ships Take Acadians Into Exile by Claude T. Picard

  43. Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation • The Acadians were sent all over the world. Many ended up in the Caribbean, France, England, and Louisiana. • Many others were able to escape to the woods. • Many Acadians didn’t survive the deportation dying of disease, starvation or drowning.

  44. Le Grand Dérangement – The Great Deportation British authorities in 1764 allowed Acadians to return in small isolated groups. They returned slowly, settling in various locations on mainland Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. Migrations and Return by Claude T. Picard

  45. Questions 3. What three specific events lead to Governor Lawrence (the English) expelling the Acadians from their land in Nova Scotia? (3 pts) (pg 106-107) 4.  Governor Lawrence abused the Acadian people’s rights through the Grand Dérangement. Pg 106-107 a) Explain how he did this, using specific examples from the text. (3 pts) b) In your own point of view, do you think Lawrence had to abuse people’s human rights? (2 pts)

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