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World War I

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  1. World War I War, and the End of an Era in Europe

  2. World War I Causes • Nationalism • Military alliances and planning • Colonial expansion • Arms Races • Assassination

  3. Battlefronts • Western Front -600 miles from English Channel to Swiss border • Eastern Front-1100 miles from Riga to the Black Sea • Southern Front-320 miles of the Italian border • Various locations in Africa, Asia, and the world’s oceans

  4. New Weapons • Machine gun • Airplane • Poison gas • Flamethrower • Submarine • Tank • Heavy Artillery

  5. 1914 • June 28 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • July 28 Austria declared war on Serbia • Aug. 1 Germany declared war on Russia • 3rd Germany declared war on France • 4th Germany invaded Belgium • Britain declared war

  6. 1914 • Aug. 26 Battle of Tannenberg • Sept. 6-9 Battle of the Marne • Oct. 21-Nov. 17 First Battle of Ypres • Oct. 29 Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers • Dec. 24-25 Unofficial Christmas Truce

  7. Trench Warfare • No Man’s Land • Barbed Wire • Frontline trench • Support trench • Reserve trench • Long periods of boredom in squalid conditions • Shell Shock

  8. 1915 • Jan. 19 First Zeppelin raid on England • April 22-25 Second Ypres • Gallipoli landings begin; end in failure on Oct. 23 • May 17 Lusitania sunk • May 23 Italy joins Allies

  9. Air Warfare

  10. 1916 • Feb. 21-Dec. 18 Battle of Verdun • May 31-June 1 Battle of Jutland • July 1- Nov. 18 Battle of the Somme • July 29 Hindenburg appointed commander in chief of German forces • Sept. 15 Tanks employed on the Somme • Dec. 7 Lloyd George elected prime minister of Britain

  11. Verdun

  12. Jutland

  13. The Somme

  14. Cost of War 1916 • Verdun • France 550,000 • Germany 434,000 • The Somme • Britain 400,000 • France 200,000 • Germany 450,000

  15. 1917 • Feb. 1 Unrestricted submarine warfare resumed • Feb. 23 Germans withdraw to Hindenburg Line • March 1 Zimmermann Telegram • April 6 US joins Allies • April 29-May 20 French army mutiny

  16. Russian Revolution • March 12 1st Russian Revolution • March 15 Czar Nicolas II abdicated • July 31- Aug. 9 Last Russian offensive actions • Nov. 7 Bolsheviks seized power under V. I. Lenin • Dec. 15 Armistice • March 3, 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

  17. 1917 • June 26 First US troops arrive • July 31- Nov. 10 Third Ypres “Passchendale”

  18. 1918 • Jan. 8 Wilson’s 14 Points • March 21 Michael Offensive • June 25 US troops capture Bellau Wood • July 15 Final German offensive of the war • July 21 US troops capture Chateau-Thierry

  19. 1918 • Aug. 8 British troops breakthrough on the Aisne River • Sept. 12 St. Mihiel Offensive • Sept. 26 – Nov. 11 Meuse-Argonne Offensive • Oct 30 Ottomans surrender • Nov. 3 Austrians surrender • Nov. 11 Armistice signed

  20. Casualties and Costs of War Britain 8,904,467 mobilized 908,371 deaths 2,090,212 wounded $51,000,000,000 France 8,410,000 mobilized 1,357,800 deaths 4,266,000 wounded $49,800,000,000 Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 deaths 4,950,000 wounded $25,600,000,000 United States 4,355,000 mobilized 50,585 deaths 205,690 wounded $ 32,300,000,000

  21. Casualties and Costs of War Germany 11,000,000 mobilized 1,808, 546 deaths 4,247,143 wounded $58,000,000,000 Austria 7,800,000 mobilized 922,500 deaths 3,620,000 wounded $23,000,000,000 Ottoman Empire 2,850,000 mobilized 325,000 deaths 400,000 wounded $3,400,000,000 Bulgaria 1,200,000 mobilized 75,844 deaths 152,390 wounded $1,000,000,000

  22. Casualties and Costs of War • Total Mobilization 65,038,810 • Total Deaths 14,663,413 • Total Wounded 21,228,813 • Total Cost $281,887,000,000,000 • Spanish Flu Epidemic killed an additional 20,000,000 people in 1918-1919

  23. Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Treaty of Versailles • Germany lost all colonies • Alsace and Lorraine returned to France • Saar occupied for 15 years by League of Nations • Rhineland demilitarized • Poland created with corridor to the sea • German military limited to 100,000 troops with no air force, tanks, large warships, U-boats, general staff • Article 231 War Guilt Clause • War reparations of $33 billion (paid by 1987)`

  24. Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Treaty of Versailles • Austria and Hungary seperated • Creation of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • United States never ratified treaty, nor joined League of Nations

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