Where were we???

1. Where were we??? What was the Enlightenment? Where did it come from? What were the results? What were the results of the French Revolution and Napoleon? What’s nationalism? Describe what was happening in Central and South America when we left off…between 1500 and 1800. Consider political, social, and economic developments.

2. Stages of RevolutionCrane Brinton Model 1. Incubation Phase (Old Order) • Intellectual criticism, faith in the system is lost, economic crisis, a new class is on the rise 2. Moderate Phase • Some acts of violence, revolution seems to be over, pressure from extremists, government is unable to operate effectively 3. Radical Phase • Mass violence, secret police, foreign threats, extreme nationalism, class struggle, forced ideological conformity 4. Recovery Phase • Government reverts to pre-revolutionary form, often rule by a tyrant, uneven return to peace Use the Crane Brinton model (left) to identify the events of the Latin American revolutions that match up with each stage of the model.

3. Latin American Independence Causes • Class Structure • Enlightenment • French/American Revolutions

4. Latin American Independence Toussaint L’Ouverture Haiti (1791-1804) South America (1811-1824) Mexico (1810-1823) Brazil (1822) Jose de San Martin Simon Bolivar

5. Latin American Independence Results: • “What a price we’ve had to pay for an independence not worth s***!”—Bolivar • Division • Autocracy • Caudillos • Economic disparity

6. Revolutions Comparison 1. In your opinion, which of the revolutions discussed are most similar and in what ways? 2. Which is the most different from the others? In what way is it different? What explains this difference? Bonus Question: Revolution or independence movement?

7. Nationalism and Revolution • Concert of Europe • Who are they? • Radicals, Liberals, Conservatives • Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 Mexico City(1968) Prague Spring (1968) March on Washington (1963)

8. Nationalism and Revolution What makes a nation? Nationalism • Nation-state • Centrifugal vs. Centripetal Forces Results of Nationalism • Positive • Negative

9. Nationalism and Revolution Using your text Define unification, division, and assimilation. Describe a nationalist movement (recent or historical) that ended in each of the following results: Unification Division Assimilation

10. Nationalism and Revolution How did nationalism affect the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires? Identify three events that made the unification of Italy and Germany possible.

11. Nationalism and Revolution Ottoman Empire • Greek Independence (1830) Austrian Division • Austro-Hungarian Empire

12. Nationalism and Revolution Russia • Reforms (Alexander I) • Russification • Crimean War (1853-1856) • Alexander II • Abolished serfdom (1861)

14. What are the images of? • For whom were the images created? • What is the artist trying to convey?

15. Nationalism and Revolution Italian Unification • Piedmont-Sardinia • Giuseppe Garibaldi (1860) Giuseppe Garibaldi

16. Nationalism and Revolution Otto von Bismarck German Unification • Otto von Bismarck • Realpolitik • Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) • France— • French Second Republic (1848) • Napoleon III (r. 1848-1871) • Third Republic (1871) • Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany • “Second Reich”

17. What is the artist trying to convey? • For whom were the images created?

18. Industrial Revolution • Why did industrialization begin in England? • Primary documents • What were the working and living conditions like during industrialization? • Urban game, Primary Documents • Describe the social changes resulting from the industrial revolution. • Urban game

19. Document 1

20. Industrial Revolution • Factors that led to the rise of industrial production. Why Britain? • Scientific Revolution • Political Stability (Enlightenment…) • Protection of private property • Capital • Enclosure movement • Urbanization • Rivers/Canals • Coal accessibility • Colonial empire—raw materials/market • Which industries came first? • Seed drill (1701), Flying shuttle (1733), Power loom (1785), Steam engine (1765), Steam locomotive (1815), Bessemer furnace (1856) • Factory System (division of labor) vs. Cottage Industry (ie. putting-out system)

21. Industrial Revolution European Crop Rotation • 2nd Agricultural Revolution—“British Agricultural Revolution” • seed drill • new crops-potatoes & corn • advances in livestock breeding • new soil preparation methods & new fertilizers

22. Industrial Revolution …the trade of the pin-maker…it is divided into a number of branches…One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on, is a peculiar business, to whiten the pins is another; it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper; and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands…Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day…But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day… Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations, 1776)

23. Urban Game Questions 3. How did the village change over time (from village to city)? Cite examples from your map! 5. Name the different socio-economic groups that emerged in your city. Where did they work? How did they live? How did they feel about their life? Discussion Questions— How did the movement toward industrial cities change our culture, beliefs, and worldview?

24. Industrial Revolution John Leech, Cheap Clothing, Punch Magazine (1845) • The Industrial Revolution has been described as a mixed blessing. Do you agree, or disagree? • Discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society. • Demographics • Gender Roles • Domesticity, “Family wage” • Family • Social class

25. Orphans in the yard of children's home in London. This tenements. Many had no windows at all becauspicture illustrates common living conditions within cities during the Industrial Revolution known as e landlords were taxed for windows. Some had latrines on the ground floor, but in most cases waste was collected in chamber pots of some sort inside the apartments, and then dumped out doors or windows onto the street.

26. Industrial Revolution Spreads—“Second Wave Industrialization” Describe the spread of industrialization. • United States, Continental Europe What led to the spread of industry? • “Free-enterprise”—ie. resources, markets, demand, available labor, capital, etc. • Government Subsidies (ie. Tax breaks, tariffs, quotas) • Government Sponsored (ie. Bismarck) Financial Instruments • Stock market (Amsterdam,1602)stock • Insurance (“Fire Insurance,” England, 1681) • Limited liability corporations (England, 1855)corporation Which countries/regions were largely left out of the “second wave?” Why? • Latin America— “Neocolonialism”

27. Economic Systems • Economics—the study of how people use their limited resources (scarcity) to satisfy unlimited wants • What to produce? How much to produce? At what price? • Modern Definitions: gov’t involvement (degrees of private ownership) • Demand Economies—Capitalism • Mixed— Regulated Capitalism, Socialism • Command—Communism

28. Industrial Revolution Adam Smith • Laissez faire capitalism • Adam Smith • Self-interest, Competition, Supply and Demand • Thomas Malthus • David Ricardo • Iron Law of Wages • Lack of regulation can sometimes contribute to “Anti-Competitive” practices • Monopolization • Cartels (horizontal) • Trusts (vertical) Thomas Malthus David Ricardo

29. Ind. Rev.: Reform and Reaction Robert Owen • Luddites • Marxism or Marxist Socialism • Karl Marx (Friedrich Engels) • Communist Mainfesto (1848), Das Kapital(1867) • Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie • “dictatorship of the proletariat” • Why didn’t this happen? • Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham • “greatest good for the greatest number of people” • John Stuart Mill • Utopian Socialists • Child labor laws (Robert Owen), Inheritance Tax (Henri Saint-Simon), Minimum Wage (Charles Fourier) Karl Marx

30. Industrial Revolution “The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with clash antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat…Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries unite!”  Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto, 1848)

31. Ind. Rev.: Reform and Reaction • Regulated Capitalism • Factory Act of 1833, Corn Law repeal (1846), Ten Hour Act (1847) • Labor union legalization (1871)  Collective Bargaining, Strike • …Social Reform • Elementary Education Act 1870 • Abolition of Slavery (1833)—William Wilberforce • …Political Reform • Reform Law of 1832— “Rotten Burroughs”, • Women’s suffrage 1928 in Britain (US was 1920—19th Amendment)

32. In this unit I think… these are the two most important people. these are the two most important dates to remember. these are the five most important terms/concepts. this is the most likely discussion question. these are the three most important pieces of art/architecture…pictures!