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Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty 771 BCE

In 771 BCE ， Quan Rong killed King You of Zhou 周幽王 , the 12 th sovereign .

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Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty 771 BCE

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  1. In 771 BCE，Quan Rong killed King You of Zhou 周幽王, the 12th sovereign. Quanrong犬戎 was an ethnic group active in the north western part of China whose language is classified as part of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages family. Claiming ancestry from two white dogs, the Quănróng tribe worshipped a totem in the form of a white dog. They are classified as a no’madic tribe of the Western Qiang people. In 780 BCE, a major earthquake hit Guanzhong. A soothsayer named Bo Yangfu (伯陽甫/伯阳甫) interpreted this as an omen foretelling the destruction of the (Western) Zhou Dynasty. In 779 BCE, a concubine named Baosi entered the palace and came into King You's favour. She bore him a son named Bofu (伯服). King You deposed Queen Shen (申后) and Crown Prince Yijiu (宜臼). He made Baosi the new queen and Bofu the new crown prince太子【tàizǐ】 crown prince. Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty771 BCE

  2. Internal No strong centralized government, which nurtures “local snakes”; Unfairness in its political structure such as its enfeoffment system. Corruption of the king Disruption/sudden shift in choosing its successor/crown prince; External Natural disasters such as earthquakes; Invasion from the outside, a much stronger, more militant ethnic group; Reasons for the Fall

  3. Internal or External?Fate or Flaw? • In 779 BCE, a concubine named Baosi 褒姒 bore him a son named Bofu (伯服). • King You deposed Queen Shen (申后) and the Crown Prince (太子)Yijiu (宜臼). He made Baosi the new queen and Bofu the new crown prince. • The deposed crown prince came back; • He teamed up with Quan Rong 犬戎, a non Chinese ethnic group and had his father and Baosi killed—double transgressions • 杀父[shā fù] patricide • 弑君【shìjūn】 <formal> murder (one's sovereign or father).

  4. The Eastern Zhou DynastyThe Spring and Autumn Period770 BCE to 403 BCE • Origin of the name: Spring and AutumnAnnals春秋(Chūnqiū) is the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 BCE to 479 BCE. It is the earliest surviving Chinese historical text to be arranged on annalistic principles—chronological sequence. • (The Book of Documents is organized by states) • Spring and Autumn are two most harmonious seasons; • Synecdoche—part for the whole (internally related) • 一日三秋【yīrìsānqiū】 one day (away from a dear one) seems like three autumns/years—hyperbole (exaggeration) • Use autumn for year is an example of sy'necdoche, part for the whole. The connection in synecdoche is internal.

  5. 春秋三传The Chunqiu and its three Commentaries • Because the Chunqiu account is terse and ambiguous, a commentary was supposedly made in order to explain the events. • 1. Chunqiu-Zuozhuan 春秋左傳 "Spring and Autumn • Annals and the Tradition (Commentary) of Zuo Qiuming"2. Gongyangzhuan 公羊傳 "The Commentary of Gongyang"3. Guliangzhuan 穀梁傳 "The Commentary of Guliang" • http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Classics/chunqiuzuozhuan.html

  6. Five Hegemons/“Elder Brothers”Duke 公 vs. King/Emperor

  7. the Five Overlords/Hegemons(春秋五霸 Chūn Qiū Wǔ Bà) • Duke Huan of Qí (齊桓公) • Duke Wen of Jìn (晉文公) • King Zhuang of Chu (楚莊王) • Duke Mu of Qin (秦穆公) • Duke Xiang of Song (宋襄公) • Source: Records of the Grand Historian • Note there are other ways of categorizing.

  8. Other Outstanding Hegemons • Some would add: • King Fuchai of Wú (吳王夫差) • [King Goujian of Yue]|King Goujian of Yuè] (越王勾踐)

  9. King Goujian of Yuè 越王勾践r. 496 BC - 465 BC • In 296, defeated by King He Lǘ of Wu State; • 卧薪尝胆 • 【wòxīnchángdǎn】 sleep on brushwood and taste gall--undergo self-imposed hardship so as to strengthen one's resolve to wipe out a national humiliation.

  10. Duke Huan of Qi (齐桓公)Jiāng Xiǎobái (姜小白) r. 685 – 643 BC • Slogan: “respecting the king and defending against the barbarian” The king refers to King of Zhou Dynasty; (political rhetoric) • (尊王攘夷, pinyin: zūnwáng rǎngyí) • Two assistants: Guan Zhong 管仲 (Ebrey’s book 22) • & Bao Shuya 鲍叔牙 • In 651 BC, Duke Huan gained his dominance at Kuiqiu Meeting 葵丘 among other states. The House of Zhou also graced the occasion and officially acknowledged his new status. • 会盟【huìméng】 Meet to form an alliance/league, a gesture to establish one’s dominant status.

  11. Duke Huan of QiA Man of Magna'nimity 宽宏大量 • 685 BC- Race for the Throne against his elder brother Gongzijiu 公子纠. • 齐桓公 Duke Huan of Qi Feigned death when shot on the sash by Guan Zhong, tutor of Gongzijiu, • Upon Bao Shuya’s 鲍书牙advice, Duke Huan hired Guan Zhong as his chancellor for the first reform in history. • “Second Father”仲父 [zhòngfù] • Thus Qi became powerful. • Guanzhong Ebrey 22

  12. Though an able administrator in his own right, Bao is best known for his friendship with Guan, and for persuading Duke Huan of Qi to put aside personal enmities and elevate Guan Zhong to the post of Chancellor. As an official he was renowned as a judge of character and talent, with Guan Zhong himself commenting that "My parents gave birth to me, but it is Bao who knows me best." Guan Zhong & Bao Shuya管仲与鲍叔牙

  13. Guan Zhong (Chinese: 管仲, Wade-Giles: Kuan Chung) (born 725 BC, died in 645 BC) was a Chinese politician in the Spring and Autumn Period. His given name was Yíwú (夷吾). Zhong was his courtesy name. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC who was shot by him! Guan Zhong (725 BC-645 BC) The Best Chancellor/Prime MinisterDuring the Spring and Autumn Period春秋第一相

  14. Guan Zhong’s Reform • 1. Redefined the ownership of land: Abolishment of Well/Field land system and legalized private ownership of land 土地私有; • This is a dramatic break from the system of the Zhou Dynasty in which the land belonged to dukes and princes; • 井田制【jǐngtiánzhì】 the 'nine squares' system with one large square divided into 9 small ones (like the Chinese character 井), the 8 outer ones being allocated to serfs who had to cultivate the central one for the serf owner. • Definition/Illustration/Evaluation

  15. Military: to establish a regular army; Divided the whole country into 21 villages: 6 being workers/businessmen or merchants; 15 being farmer-soldiers; An integrated model which is both social and military Since everybody knows everybody else, all their interests are tied up together; Therefore for defense, they all tried to cover each other; in battles, they all tried to protect each other; Recorded in Discourse on the States《国语》 Tax on the farmland: depending on the texture/quality of the soil productivity of the land, Comparable to Graduated Income Tax 分级所得税/ 累进所得税 or Progressive Income Tax in America Tax bracket—republicans oppose higher tax to the rich; Flat-rate Tax—egalitarianism [经] 平均主义 Guan Zhong’s ReformMilitary and (Farmland) Tax Code

  16. Brothels in the State of Qi • Guan Zhong had seven markets established in Zibo淄博, Shandong Province; • To attract businessmen and merchants, along with these markets, as many as 700 brothels came into being; • Nevertheless, Guan Zhong attracted more praises than criticisms in history

  17. Duke Wen of Jin (晋文公) 697BCE— 628BCE • Named Chong'er (重耳; literally, "Double Ears") although there is no material evidence of deformity. However, Zuo Zhuan notes that "his ribs were all grown together," a sign of strength and leadership. • (American writer Henry James suffered constipation, on which his mother claimed it was a sign of his strength.) • Duke of Xian 晉獻公 had six wives. • 骊姬之乱（657—651）Troubles of Li Ji, a concubine who framed the Crown Prince Shensheng 申生 in order to have her own son Xi Qi 奚齐 anointed or appointed.

  18. The crown prince Shensheng 申生 once got a piece of meat for sacrificial ceremonies—the best cut. Liji had it soaked in the poisonous wine from Zhen feathers. When Shensheng offered the meat to his father king, it dropped onto the floor. His dog ate it and died immediately. That framed the crown prince. Both princes were sent to an exile. Chong Er was exiled for 19 years before gaining the throne at 62 with the help of Duke Mu of Qin 秦穆公; 鸩【zhèn】 a legendary bird with poisonous feathers; <formal> poisoned wine; translated as Zhen or Poison-feather Birds

  19. Trouble of Liji（657BC—651BC）Liji Framed the Crown Prince Again • 无中生有 • 【wúzhōngshēngyǒu】 purely fictitious; fabricated; groundless; • Liji “begged” the king to call the crown prince back. • She entertained the prince at a banquet. Then she told the king that the crown prince made a pass at her… (to flirt with or suggest sexual activity with someone); • Then during an outing, Liji spread some honey on her hair, which attracted bees. She then asked the crown prince to help chase them away. When he waved his sleeve from behind, the father king caught a glimpse of the scene. • Shensheng hanged himself at last.

  20. Duke of Jin Chong Er Made His NameAfter 19 Years’ Exile • In 635 BCE, Chong Er helped King Xiang of Zhou to regain his throne from Prince Dai. • He led Jin as the head of the coalition of states against the state of Chu. At the battle of Chengpu 城濮之戰 , Jin troops defeated the state of Chu. At Jiantu , Duke Wen gained hegemony over the states. • 退避三舍【tuìbìsānshě】 retreat ninety li - give away to sb. to avoid a conflict, a promise made by Chong Er to the Duke of Chu Chengwang 成王.

  21. Self-Indulgent for Three Years • King Zhuang of Chu 楚莊王 ascended the throne in 631 BC, but for three years, he had been self-indulgent. Nobody could persuade him to do something significant and meaningful. • His senior minister Wu Ju challenged him with a riddle: what kind of bird is it?

  22. Amaze the World with a Single Brilliant Feat • 三年不飞，一飞冲天；三年不鸣，一鸣惊人。 一鸣惊人 • 【yīmíngjīngrén】 (of an obscure person) amaze the world with a single brilliant feat. • Source: Collected Works of Han Fei • 【出处】选自《韩非子 ·喻老》： “三年不飞，飞将冲天；三年不鸣，鸣将惊人！”

  23. King Zhuang of Chu (楚莊王) Mi Lǚ (羋侶) r. 613-591 • He made Sunshu Ao (孫叔敖) Chancellor and started reforms. The agricultural output of the state of Chu was much better under his reign, improved by Sunshu Ao's large dam-works and enormous planned reservoir created in modern-day northern Anhui province. In 611 BC he annexed the state of Yong and made Chu much stronger. • After some brilliant victories with his army, he attempted to take the place of the King of Zhou. He asked the messenger of Zhou about the weight of the 9 dings of Zhou, which were the symbols of hegemony for which only a son of heaven is entitled; but was scolded by the messenger. • 问鼎中原 606 BCE--鼎【dǐng】 tripod cauldron., an ancient cooking vessel with two loop handles and three or four legs. • 九鼎 [jiǔdǐng] –only the son of heaven is entitled to nine cauldrons; • Trace back to Yu the Great, representing the nine prefectures.

  24. How Can You Sweep All Land Under Heaven Clean? Another Mi Lǚ ? • In the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) there was a young man called Chen Fan. Once his father’s guest saw Fan’s room in great disorder and asked him why he couldn’t keep it clean. Chen Fan boasted, a true man’s ambition lies in sweeping all land under the heaven. Why should I bother with such a trivial thing? The guest asked, how can you sweep clean all land under the heaven when you can not even keep your own room tidy?

  25. Duke Mu of Qin (秦穆公) r. 659 - 621 Pioneer Who Paved the Way for Founding of the Qin Dynasty • Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government《资治通鉴》 recorded an anecdote: Once Duke of Mu lost a horse. As it turned out, three hundred farmers shared the meat. • Duke of Mu decided to release all the offenders. Moreover, he offered wine to all of them by pointing out that it is not a good idea to eat horse meat on an empty stomach without wine. • These three hundred farmers became his 敢死队 • 【gǎnsǐduì】 dare-to-die corps. • Daredevils 铤而走险的人，蛮勇的人 • Note in Records of the Grand Historian, Sima Qian said he lost several horses.

  26. 吴王阖庐 514年一496 BCEDuke He Lu of Wu • As Prince Guang wanted to kill King Liao of Wu and take the throne himself, Zhuan Zhu was recommended to Prince Guang by Wu Zixu 伍子胥 . After Zhuan Zhu accomplished his mission in 515 BC the prince ascended the throne of Wu and became King Helü. The king assigned Wu Zixu to lead the design and building of the "great city," which evolved into the city of Suzhou today. • 上有天堂,下有苏杭【shàngyǒutiāntáng,xiàyǒusūháng】 • Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth

  27. State Wu defeated state of Chu • In 506 BC Helü with the help of Wu Zixu and Sun-tzu/Sunzi, the author of The Art of War, launched major offensives against the state of Chu, the biggest state in the south, including Hunan and Hubei). They prevailed in five battles, one of which was the Battle of Boju柏舉之戰 506 BCE) , and conquered the city of Ying (Chinese: 郢), capital of the Chu State. • His son, King Fuchai of Wu, succeeded him in 495 BC.

  28. Wu Zixu’s Revenge • His father used to be tutor/mentor of the crown prince Jian of Chu. Minister Fei Wuji framed the crown prince on a false charge—plotting a rebellion. He escaped to Zheng State. Later the crown prince was involved in conspiracy to help State of Jin, Duke Ding of Zheng executed the crown prince. • Wu Zixu’s father and elder brother both got executed by Duke Ping of Chu. • After Sacking Chu state, Wu dug up the tomb of the king and whipped his body for three hundred times.

  29. Mastermind behind—Sun WuThe Battle of Boju • 柏舉之戰 506 BCE • author of The Art of War, an extremely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. Sun Wu or Sun Zi/Tzu has had a significant impact on Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as an author of The Art of War and through legend. • Read The Art of War online

  30. Larger Patterns • 1. How to treat talented people? • “鸟择木，无木择鸟” • Bird chooses its roost/tree, not the other around (The Analects) • 2. a man of Magnanimity/ • Persistence • 3. Reform • Endless power struggles among princes and their mothers;

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