Rhetoric

1. Rhetoric and Rhetorical Devices

2. Rhetoric • Art of speaking and writing effectively • Art of argumentation • Art of persuasion The masterful use of language to get what you want!

3. Iago • Uses rhetoric to create his identities • He is a different person to different people

4. Aristotelian Appeals • Ethos • Pathos • Logos

5. Ethos • Appeals to credibility • how an author/speaker builds credibility & trustworthiness

6. Ethos Effect on Audience • Helps audience to see the author/speaker as reliable, trustworthy, competent, and credible. • The audience might respect the author/speaker or his/her views.

7. Ways to Develop Ethos (ethical) Appeals • Author’s/speaker’s profession / background • Appearing sincere, fair minded, knowledgeable • Appearing relatable • Using and inclusive tone (“we”) • Conceding to opposition where appropriate • Morally / ethically likeable • Appropriate language for audience and subject • Correct grammar • Professional format

8. Pathos • Appeals to emotion • words or passages an author/speaker uses to activate emotions

9. PATHOS Effect on Audience • Evokes an emotional response. • Persuasion by emotion. • (usually evoking fear, sympathy, empathy, anger,)

10. Types of PATHOS (emotional) Appeals • Emotionally loaded language • Vivid descriptions • Figurative language • Anecdotes, testimonies, or narratives about emotional experiences or events • Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.)

11. Logos • Appeals to logic • the argument itself • the reasoning the author/speaker uses • logical evidence

12. Logos Effect on Audience • Evokes a cognitive, rational response. • Readers get a sense of, “Oh, that totally makes sense” or “Hmm, that really doesn’t prove anything.”

13. Types of LOGOS (logical) APPEALS • Scientific theories • Literal or historical analogies/allusions • Definitions • Factual data & statistics • Quotations/Citations from experts & authorities • Informed opinions • Examples (real life examples) • Personal anecdotes

14. Literary/rhetorical devices • Shakespeare manipulates language in order to manipulate his audience. • Iago manipulates language in order to manipulate others. • What techniques or devices does Shakespeare, and thereby Iago, use to create ethical, emotional and logical appeals? • Soooooooo many! • But we will only look at a few . . .

15. Figurative Language • Simile • The full moon glowed like an orange in the sky. • Metaphor • The full moon was an orange hanging low in the sky. • Metaphors may be direct or implied • DIRECT- My mind is a sailboat that wanders with the wind. • IMPLIED- My mind sailed away from the turbulent waters of the argument in search of a peaceful harbor.

16. Imagery • Imagery is language that appeals to the senses. • TouchThe surface of the eggplant felt smooth and cool under my fingers. • Taste As I bit into the peach, a burst of sweetness hit my tongue. • HearingBells jangled discordantly in the background as the heavy door creaked open. • Smell A heavy, floral scent wafted over us as we passed the rose garden. • Sight The clouds were so thick, we could barely make out the faint circle of the sun.

17. Iago’s imagery and figurative language • Poison • Animals • Heaven and hell • Light/purity/heaven • Demons/monsters/hell • Black and white/contrasts • Sight/blindness • Plants Note the way Iago uses these images to serve his purpose Note the way Shakespeare uses them as motifs to reveal character and themes . . . See also repetition

18. Diction/Connotative Language • Word Choice/Implied meaning • Consider the literal meaning (denotation). Then, consider the intended emotional effect (connotation) • The bouncy little girl’s steady murmuring was a pleasant background to the concert. • The hyper little girl’s nonstop yakking was a grating background to the concert.

19. Repetition • Recurrence of words, phrases, sounds, structures or , images/ ideas (motifs- images or ideas repeated throughout a literary work to illuminate theme (universal message)) • Ex. Stopping by Woods On a Snowy evening, by Robert Frost The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.

20. The repetition of letter sounds within two or more words of a phrase, sentence, or longer passage. Roderigo: Tush, never tell me! I take it much unkindly That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse As if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this. • Alliteration repeats the beginning sounds. • Assonancerepeats vowel sounds. Cassio: He has had most favorable and happy speed: Tempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds, The gutter’d rocks, and congregated sands, Traitors ensteep’d to clog the guiltless keel, • Consonancerepeats consonant sounds. Othello: Not out of absolute lust, though peradventure I stand accountant for as great a sin, But partly led to diet my revenge, For that I do suspect the lusty Moor Hath leap’d into my seat;

21. Anadiplosis • repeats the last word or words of a sentence, phrase, or clause at or near the beginning of the next. Othello: Is he not honest? Iago:Honest, my lord? Othello: “Honest?” Ay, honest

22. Anaphora repeats the first word or phrase in successive sentences. Othello:WhereinI spakeof most disastrous chances, Ofmoving accidents by flood and field, Ofhairbreadth ’scapesi’ the imminent deadly breach, Of being taken by the insolent foe, …

23. Intimation • Hinting at something rather than directly stating it. • “Signior, is all your family within?” • "She did deceive her father and may thee.”

24. Rhetorical Questions • Leading questions • Not intended to be answered • Used to bring up a point or lead to a thought

25. Irony Discrepancy between expectation and reality • Sarcasm- say one thing, mean another • Understatement-making something sound less significant than it really is • Hyperbole-extreme exaggeration • All intended to emphasize some point

26. Paralipsis

27. Also, take note of what is not being said . . . • Ellipses . . . ..., lets sentence/thought trail off . . . • Dashes- - show an incomplete though or statement OR indicates hesitation- • Well-placed silences- Iago says nothing to let others think OR to let others rant and say or reveal something they shouldn’t

28. “I Have a Dream” • "I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. • And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.

29. “I Have a Dream” • Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

30. “I Have a Dream” • But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later , the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later , the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later the Negrois still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

31. “I Have a Dream” • Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justiceemerges.