European Air Transportation System

1. European Air Transportation System Safety and Environment Dr. F.J. van Schaik Ir. R. Hogenhuis, Ir. R. Wever

2. Content • Approach / EPATS aircraft / EPATS operations • Environmental issues • Safety issues • Recommendations

3. Approach D3.2 EPATS Airports Requirements including Market study Environmental study Aircraft designs Safety study Other info Concepts, US, VLJ

4. EPATS aircraft • GNSS / P-RNAV • ADS-B • ACAS • TAWS • EFB / Moving Map • Weather • HUD / SVS / EVS • FADEC 2020: about 100.000 a/c

5. EPATS Flight Operations • Internet Based Ticketing and Flight Operations • Air Taxi / Shared Ownership • One day return • High reliability, High punctuality • Network Centric ATM (SESAR) • All weather 24 ops • VFR / IFR / SCA • (Un)controlled/ Self Controlled

6. Environmental issues Assumptions: • 100.000 a/c 2000 airports • 365 flights per EPATS a/c per year lead to: • +24000 movements per year (m/y) per airport • Some airports will get 3x more movements • Other airports can’t have more than present day

7. Environmental issues / noise Environmental issues / noise Noise = f (construction date, weight and number of passengers) --> Piston/ turbo prop aircraft are preferred for noise --> New aircraft become more and more silent

8. Environmental issues / emissions • If bio-fuel is used, CO2 is compensated, however • The total production chain should be taken into account • If Hydrogen is used, it will produce water and it is inefficient to make it and it needs heavy tanks • Flying below 7 km will reduce water emission negative effect • Restricted study

9. Environmental issues / emissions Comparison of Specific Fuel Consumption: (kg. fuel per passenger kilometre) Piston and Turbo are better than jets Car load factor 0.3 A/c load factor 0.6 to 0.9

10. Safety issues studied • Aircraft manufacturing and certification • Flight operations • Training and qualification • Airport and Air Traffic Control • Safety programs and • Safety oversight

11. Safety issues • CS23 is not CS25 • 100.000 new pilots! • Aspects of pilot training, inexperienced pilots • Bird and wildlife, de-icing • New technology, new ATM concepts like Self Controlled Airspace • (Single) pilot operations / communications • Controller workload

12. Safety and Environmental conclusions and recommendations (1) / noise • Many local airports are noise constraint and the upcoming EPATS might become a problem quickly => Socio - economic impact • Local economy might forgive more noise • VLJs replacing regular light jets reduce the noise impact • Single and twin piston engines and turboprops give better or comparable noise characteristics during approach (comp. to VLJ) • VLJ produce less noise during the take-off than conventional jets • Engines should become more silent, higher efficiency, new propulsion techniques

13. Safety and Environmental conclusions and recommendations (2) / noise and emissions • Development of noise abatement routes, CDA , avoid the night • Piston and turboprop engines have lower emissions than VLJs • Piston and turboprop a/c are cleaner than VLJ up to 600 km but are slower • Increase the load factor (optimisation) • Fuel research for low environmental impact ==>It is difficult to predict what is possible ==> Define goals • (e.g.) Can we bring/keep the airport noise below that of provincial roads?

14. Safety and Environmental conclusions and recommendations (3) / Safety • Are current regulations sufficiently safe for EPATS? • R&D in automation supporting safe single pilot operations, flight envelope protection and further automation of flight • Single pilot operations and feasibility study of the virtual co-pilot, Single Pilot Resource Management • Mentor pilot and scenario based training concepts in EPATS • Safe integration of EPATS aircraft in the air transport system of today has to be studied in more detail (impact on ATC and airport) • Tailoring and application of commercial aviation safety programs to EPATS operators and outsourcing of safety programs shall be studied

15. Overall recommendations • Better EPATS statistics and forecasts needed • EPATS will come quietly, so prepare! • ATM safety research • Environmental friendly procedures • Emissions • Remote airfields / control / autoland / de-ice • Better SESAR for EPATS • Single pilot Resource Management / Safety

16. Conclusion Can you do without your PC? No? You also can’t do without your PA!

18. Safety issues in alphabetical order (1) • Clear air turbulence/jet stream core or boundary encounters • Convective weather encounters • FMS programming and autoflight vs. manual flight control • High-altitude upset • Inadequate "land and hold short" (LAHSO) preparation • Inadequate crosswind takeoff/landing preparation • Inadequate exercise of "command" • Inadequate knowledge of high-altitude weather • Inadequate preparation for high-rate/high-speed climbs Source NBAA

19. Safety issues in alphabetical order (2) • Incorrect/less-than-optimum cruise altitude selection • Jet blast damage behind larger jets during ground operations • Lack of pilot self-evaluations • Low-fuel arrivals trying to stretch range • Microburst/windshear encounters /Mountain wave encounters • Physiological effect of high-altitude operations • Recognizing single pilot "red flags" (as an alternative to below) • Single pilot adherence to checklists • VLJs misunderstood by ATC (pilot mitigations) • Wake turbulence encounters • Winter operations Source NBAA