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Enhancing Driving Awareness: Improving Hazard Detection Through Visual Attention

This study examines the correlation between visual attention, hazard detection, and experience levels of drivers, shedding light on how novice and expert drivers perceive and anticipate hazards to enhance road safety.

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Enhancing Driving Awareness: Improving Hazard Detection Through Visual Attention

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Team 4 Alan, Danielle, & Stephen

  2. Observation • Revealing a flushing mechanism • Located in the Head in the Armory • Instructions located on the top

  3. Observation • Problem: Top is approximately 62” from the floor

  4. Observation • Mean eye level for American Male is 64.7 inches • Must be well above this to look down on the top. Most are at an oblique angle or below.

  5. Observation • Attempt to alleviate the issue on ground floor

  6. A study comparing novice and expert drivers Visual attention in driving

  7. “Visual attention and the transition from novice to advanced driver” G. Underwood (2007). Ergonomics

  8. Background • 20% - 30% of accidents are due to inattentive driving • Smoking • Eating • Applying makeup • Looking for objects in vehicle • Looking at objects on roadside • PDA’s

  9. The risk of an accident increases dramatically if an unexpected road event occurs while the driver is distracted

  10. Situation Awareness • Driving environment is visually busy • Need to control the vehicle and awareness of external events • Experienced drivers have better situational awareness

  11. Safe vehicle operation requires: • Lane keeping • Maintenance of speed • Maintenance of heading • Monitoring for hazards • Accurate navigation

  12. Differences between novice and experienced drivers • Visual attention • Younger drivers pay less attention • Mental model • Experienced drivers accumulate memories • Scanning behaviors • Experienced drivers scan more

  13. Reviews • Eye scanning elliptical area • Scanning behavior increases with experience • Changes in traffic/road conditions: • Novices not sensitive to • Experienced drivers anticipate

  14. Reviews cont. • Eye scanning road conditions: • Experienced drivers do • Novices don’t • Very experienced drivers (police) short fixed duration • mental model supports dismissal of irrelevant information • greater sampling of visual environment

  15. Why Novices Fail to Scan • Perception • Comprehension • Prediction • Novices • one level – only perceive • Experienced • Comprehend and predict hazards

  16. Hazard Prediction Experiment • Videos of novice and expert driving • Rural • Urban • Dual carriageway Press key when detecting hazard

  17. Results • Experienced and novice process videos differently • Experienced greater horizontal scanning • Experienced scan paths sensitive to environment-novices didn’t • Novices interest in road ahead

  18. Attending to Hazardous Events • Maintain awareness of other vehicles • Hazards cause “attention capture” of novices only • Very experienced drivers seek out and monitor multiple hazards

  19. Learning to Anticipate Hazards • Novice drivers trained to scan and anticipate hazards • Results • Trained subjects scanned more of scene • Scanning behavior changes persisted until re-test months later

  20. Conclusion • Inattention and distraction contribute to accidents • Unlikely to detect unexpected event • Novices restricted scanning behavior • Not a matter of higher workload • Novice mental model – no accurate estimate of hazards • Expert Drivers Mental Model more active and efficient scanning • Quickly dismiss irrelevant • Anticipate hazards, scan accordingly • Training alters novice scan patterns • Encourages more active visual attention • Fosters predictive ability to anticipate other drivers

  21. Visual Environment: Measurement and Design Chapter 10

  22. Vision and the Eye • Description of the way the eye works

  23. Retinal Adaptation • Ability to change sensitivity based on ambient light • Night driving with sudden oncoming headlights is example • Additional lights at tunnel entry and exit

  24. Photometric Terminology • Luminous intensity Candela (cd) • Power of a source to emit light in a particular direction

  25. Photometric Terminology • Luminous flux Lumen (lm) • Rate of flow of luminous energy

  26. Photometric Terminology • Luminance cd/m2 • Light emitted by a surface

  27. Photometric Terminology • Illuminance Lux (lx) • Amount of light falling on a surface

  28. Photometric Terminology • Reflectance • Ratio of the luminance and illuminance at a surface

  29. Task lighting • Visual tasks require light to illuminate the task environment

  30. Visual tasks require light • Proper lighting is more important for older subjects than younger • Documented productivity increases with higher illumination levels • cigarette rolling • leather working

  31. Glare • Increases task demands • more pronounced in older subjects • Bright lights can cause “retinal afterimages” • Obscure the task environment in night driving • Oncoming headlights • Street lights • Construction beacons

  32. Lighting Design • Suitable level of illumination • Balance of surface luminance • Driving • ambient lighting • external lighting • dashboard brightness • Light uniformity over time • Dynamic domain like driving this can change frequently • Changes can impact night vision of drivers • Avoid glare

  33. Line of Sight • Driver’s 360° line of sight is critical factor in vehicle design • In industrial applications, adequate field of view could eliminate need for a ‘spotter” • Improved field of view could support more efficient operations

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