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Understanding Plant Evolution and Adaptation: Key Concepts and Exam Preparation

This guide covers crucial topics in plant evolution, including the transition from aquatic algae to terrestrial plants, adaptations for life on land, and an in-depth look at plant phylogeny. Special emphasis is placed on the diversity of plant life forms, including nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms). Students are advised of helpful resources for Exam 3 on November 21st, which will not include vertebrate content. Office hours and lab preparation details will support students in mastering these concepts.

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Understanding Plant Evolution and Adaptation: Key Concepts and Exam Preparation

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  1. Speciation (last outline) • Understanding Evolutionary Relationships • phylogenies / cladograms Tuesday 11/12/13 • Exam 3 – Thurs 11/21st • -- covers material up through Tues 11/19 • -- lab on 11/19 will be VERY helpful covering plant material which will be on the exam! Vertebrates will NOT be on the exam • -- Can’t do a review session unless you want it on Monday 11/18?? • My office hours Weds 1:00-3:00 • Shelley’s office hours Tuesday after class • Ben’s – Weds: 4:30 to 5:30 in the Life Sciences Library • Plants • overview of plant evolution • evolution of terrestrial plants • adaptations to life on land • in depth look at plant phyla • nonvascular plants // seedless vascular plants • seed vascular plants

  2. Diversity lectures (plants & animals): • relate structure & function • understand the concept of adaptation • how have • ex: • which structures • ex:

  3. Four major periods of plant evolution: Plant Diversity fig 30.2

  4. Adaptation onto land: • plants evolved from green algae • ~450 million years ago (mya) • Evolved adaptations: • gametangia • cuticle • stomata

  5. Adaptation onto land: • more adaptations: • roots & shoots • mycorrhizae • lignin

  6. Adaptation onto land: • continued adaptations: • vascular tissue • seeds fig. 14.8

  7. Plant life cycle -- Alternation of Generations: Figure 30.3 Plants alternate between haploid and diploid stages. Haploid – Diploid – Chromosomes contain the genes Cell divisions: mitosis – meiosis –

  8. Plant life cycle -- Alternation of Generations: Figure 30.3 • Gametophyte (haploid) • produces gametes • Sporophyte (diploid) • produces • dispersing multicellular in both stages

  9. Bryophyte: Mosses • earliest land plants -- 450 mya • adapted to • lacks vascular tissue gametophyte generation:

  10. Life cycle of mosses see figure 30.6 dominant generation – male gametes - sporophyte spores dispersed in air

  11. Ferns • first vascular plants -- ~350mya • evolutionary step -- • still moist habitat • sporophyte most visible

  12. Life cycle ferns mitosis • dominant generation - sporophyte mitosis see fig 30.10

  13. fig30.2

  14. Seed Plants: • Gametophytes -- microscopic • multicellular - • pollen grain– • ovules - • seed -- • Gymnosperms (360mya) • Angiosperms (130mya)

  15. Conifers Gymnosperms: ~350+mya • Major evolutionary steps: Gingkos Cycads

  16. Confiers: • heterosporous - 2 types of spores • seed develops inside

  17. Pine Tree Life Cycle: • dominant generation: • sporophyte (pine tree) • may be • specialization depending on habitat • e.g., see figure 30.13

  18. Angiosperms - flowering plants ~130mya • major evolutionary steps: • flowers -- • fruit --

  19. Showy Flowers - • adaptation for

  20. see figure 30.17

  21. Angiosperm life cycle: • pollen dispersed via wind/animals • double fertilization • seed • ovary develops into fruit

  22. Dispersal of seeds: • advantageous to disperse • does not • passive wind dispersal

  23. Fruits: Dispersal of Seeds: • passive dispersal • active dispersal • fruit consumed–

  24. Asexual reproduction in angiosperms: • Vegetative Propagation • cuttings • runners • e.g., • rhizomes • fragmentation

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