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Data source s

CSI 020: Nutrients in freshwater Key policy question: Are concentrations of nutrients in our freshwaters decreasing? Surface waters (rivers and lakes): Jannicke Moe (NIVA) Groundwater: Vit Kodes (IWRS). Data source s.

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  1. CSI 020: Nutrients in freshwaterKey policy question:Are concentrations of nutrients in our freshwaters decreasing?Surface waters (rivers and lakes): Jannicke Moe (NIVA)Groundwater: Vit Kodes (IWRS)

  2. Data sources

  3. Waterbase - Rivers (WISE SoE)Waterbase - Lakes (WISE SoE)Waterbase - Groundwater (WISE SoE) Tables used: • Stations • Quality (nutrients) Data excluded: • All records marked as suspicious by data managers Criteria used for quality cheking: • Station information • Statistical rules (outliers) • Logical rules • Chemical rules See CSI 019 presentationfor more details

  4. Methodology

  5. CSI020 figures - overview

  6. Parameters Rivers: • Nitrate - NO3 [mg/l N] all results shown • Orthophosphate - OP [mg/l P] selected results shown Lakes: • Total phosporus - TP [mg/l P] selected results shown Groundwater: • Nitrate - NO3 [mg/l NO3] selected results shown

  7. Data selection • Criteria used for data selection can have large impact on the results! Latest year data (2007): • ”Latest year” maps are copied from WISE viewer • All QC-marked values excluded • For each country where 2007 data were missing / scarce / suspicious, an earlier year was selected (max. 5 years older) • Nitrate - alternative: Total oxidised nitrogen NO2 + NO3 [mg/l N]

  8. SURFACE WATERS Data selection Time series data: new criteria • OLD: Only consistent series (no missing years) • NEW 2007: minimum 7 years • NEW 2009: Interpolation of gaps (missing values) for each station • Time period: 1992-2007 (alternatively 2000-2007) • Gaps of max. 2 years replaced with average of years before + after • Beginning or end of time series: max. 1 year • Only series consistent after interpolation, are used in assessment • Interpolation increases the no. of consistent series substantially • Same data selection criteria should be used for bothregional-level graphs (aggregated time series) and country-level maps (summary of trend analyses)

  9. SURFACE WATERS Data preparation and analysis Latest year concentration maps (from WISE): • Station level: • Classification according to nutrient concentration • River Baisn District level aggregation: NEW METHODOLGY • > 10 stations per RBD: ”avg95” • ≤ 10 stations per RBD: median • Country level aggregation: • Number of stations per nutrient class per country • NB: Pie charts are not displayed for all countries, because WISE viewer does not allow overlapping pies. See CSI 019 presentationfor more details

  10. SURFACE WATERS Data preparation and analysis Time series graphs: • Selected time series aggregated by • Europe • Geographic region (group of countries) • Sea region (group of RBDs) Trend analyses: • Mann-Kendall test • non-parametric analysis: trend direction, not steepness • Results are categorized in 5 classes • NB: Test result depends on length of series • More years  higher probability of significant trend! More details in CSI 019 presentation More details in CSI 019 presentation

  11. Results – surface waters(figures and maps)

  12. Key message: are nutrients decrasing? New method:- Interpolation of missing years - Consistent series - More recent series (2000-): more stations, different results TP in lakes(mg/l P)OP in rivers (mg/l P) NO3 in rivers (mg/l N) The average nitrate concentration in European rivers has decreased approximately 13 % since 1992 from 2.5 to 2.2 mg N/l, reflecting the effect of measures to reduce agricultural inputs of nitrate. Phosphorus concentrations in European rivers and lakes have also decreased during the last two decades, by more than 30% since 1992. This reflects the general improvement in wastewater treatment and reduced phosphate content of detergents over this period.

  13. Nitrate in rivers: latest year per country Old method Fig. 4(a): Present concentration of nitrate: proportion of stations in each concentration level per country Note: Data from the following countries are included (number of stations): AL (52), AT (290), BA (18), BE (62), BG (111), CH (8), CY (22), CZ (73), DE (151), DK (42), EE (60), ES (824), FI (228), FR (1631), UK (189), GR (52), HR (45), HU (101), IE (80), IS (1), IT (1351), LI (1), LT (99), LU (4), LV (140), MK (20), NL (23), NO (46), PL (136), PT (54), RO (126), RS (77), SE (125), SI (30), SK (90), TR (5).

  14. Nitrate in rivers: latest year per RBD New method – aggregation: > 10 stations per RBD: ”avg95” ≤ 10 stations per RBD: median Fig. 4(b): Present concentration(2007) of nitrate: average concentration level per river basin district Note: Data from the following countries are included (number of stations): AL (52), AT (290), BA (18), BE (62), BG (111), CH (8), CY (22), CZ (73), DE (151), DK (42), EE (60), ES (824), FI (228), FR (1631), UK (189), GR (52), HR (45), HU (101), IE (80), IS (1), IT (1351), LI (1), LT (99), LU (4), LV (140), MK (20), NL (23), NO (46), PL (136), PT (54), RO (126), RS (77), SE (125), SI (30), SK (90), TR (5).

  15. Nitrate in rivers: time series by geographic region Shorter series: More stations, but different results NO3 in rivers (mg/l N) Fig. 5(a): Nitrate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007 in different regions of Europe. Period 1992-2007 (1281 stations): East: CZ (69), EE (51); HU (87); LT (26), PL (101), SI (14), SK (48); North: FI (52), SE (113), NO (10); South: ES (128); Southeast: BG (80); West: AT (144), BE (10), CH (6), DE (123), DK (39), FR (177), LU (3). Period 2000-2007 (1928 stations): East: CZ (71), EE (53); HU (96); LT (26), PL (127), SI (15), SK (52), LT (27); North: FI (102), SE (114), IS (1), NO (10); South: ES (241), IT (86); Southeast: AL (17), BA (28), BG (106), MK (19), RO (118); West: AT (147), BE (37), CH (7), DE (148), DK (48), FR (231), IE (32), LU (3).

  16. Nitrate in rivers: time series by sea region New method: Aggregation of stations to sea region (= group of RBDs) Shorter series: similar results NO3 in rivers (mg/l N) Fig. 5(b): Nitrate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007 in different regions of Europe.

  17. Nitrate in rivers: trend analysis by country Trends for consistent series 1992-2007 Trends for consistent series 2000-2007 Shorter series: More countries, but fewer trends Fig. 6(a): Trends in nitrate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007, shown as proportion of stations in different trend categories for each country. Note: Number of stations per country: see Fig. 5.

  18. Orthophosphate in rivers: latest year per RBD Fig. 7(b):Present concentration(2007) of phosphorus in rivers (ortophosphate): average concentration level per river basin district Note: Data from the following countries are included (number of stations): AL (52), AT (290), BA (18), BE (62), BG (111), CH (8), CY (22), CZ (73), DE (151), DK (41), EE (60), ES (908), FI (223), FR (1631), UK (189), GR (69), HR (45), HU (101), IE (178), IS (1), IT (887), LT (99), LU (4), LV (140), MK (20), NL (23), NO (46), PL (136), PT (53), RO (126), RS (77), SE (125), SI (30), SK (90), TR (5).

  19. OP in rivers: time series by sea region OP in rivers (mg/l P) Fig. 8(b): Orthophosphate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007 in different regions of Europe.

  20. Total phosphorus in lakes: latest year per RBD Many RBDs not represented Fig. 10(b): Present concentration (2007) of total phosphorus in lakes: proportion of stations in each concentration level per river basin district Note: Data from the following countries are included (number of stations): AL (52), AT (290), BA (18), BE (62), BG (111), CH (8), CY (22), CZ (73), DE (151), DK (42), EE (60), ES (824), FI (228), FR (1631), UK (189), GR (52), HR (45), HU (101), IE (80), IS (1), IT (1351), LI (1), LT (99), LU (4), LV (140), MK (20), NL (23), NO (46), PL (136), PT (54), RO (126), RS (77), SE (125), SI (30), SK (90), TR (5).

  21. TP in lakes: time series by geographic region Sea regions less relevant for lakes TP in lakes (mg/l P) Shorter series: More countries included Fig. 11(a): Total phosphorus concentrations in lakes between 1992 and 2007 in different regions of Europe. Period 1992-2007East: EE (2); HU (9); LT (3), LV (3), SI (2); North: FI (130), SE (140); West: AT (5), CH (10), DK (20), IE (8). Period 2000-2007: East: EE (8), HU (11), LT (5), LV (3), SI (2); North: FI (193), NO (1), SE (180); South: CY (5), IT (8); Southeast: MK (1); West: AT (31), CH (11), DK (20), IE (9).

  22. Results – groudwater(figures and maps)

  23. Nitrate in GW: Annual average Fig. 15: Average annual nitrate concentration within each geographic region of Europe

  24. Nitrate in GW: no. of stations reported per year Are results comparable from year to year? Fig. 16: Number of stations at background value and exceeding groundwater quality standard

  25. Nitrate in GW: concentration levels per country Fig. 17: Percentage of stations with annual average value within given concentration class per country in 2007

  26. Nitrate in GW: exceedance of standard value Fig. 18. Percentage of stations exceeding groundwater standard value (50 mg/l) for NO3.

  27. Thank you

  28. Issues for discussion

  29. Issues for discussion: latest year maps • Missing/suspicious values – use of alternative years: • Can result it inconsistent selection of years for different parameters (e.g. rivers BOD 2007, NO3 2006) • RBD aggregation: • Complicated formula (”avg95”) used to avoid outliers • Simpler solution possible? Accept outliers in aggregation? • Weighting of stations according to cathment size, load, ...? More details in CSI 019 presentation

  30. Issues for discussion: time series More details in CSI 019 presentation • Interpolation • Accept also longer gaps than 2 years (1 year in start/end)? • Trend analyses – selection of series: • Many short series or few long series? • Include short/inconsistent series? • Yes  more difficult to interpret results • No  wasting data • Same criteria for time series graphs and trend analyses? • Different criteria  different number of series  different test result  different conclusion

  31. Nitrate in rivers: trend analysis by country Consistent series 1992-2007 Trends 2000-2007 Trends 1992-1999 Fig. 6(b): Trends in nitrate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007, shown as proportion of stations in different trend categories for each country. Note: Number of stations per country: see Fig. 5.

  32. Orthophosphate in rivers: latest year per country Fig. 7(a): Present concentration of phosphorus in rivers (ortophosphate): proportion of stations in each concentration level per country Note: Data from the following countries are included (number of stations): AL (52), AT (290), BA (18), BE (62), BG (111), CH (8), CY (22), CZ (73), DE (151), DK (41), EE (60), ES (908), FI (223), FR (1631), UK (189), GR (69), HR (45), HU (101), IE (178), IS (1), IT (887), LT (99), LU (4), LV (140), MK (20), NL (23), NO (46), PL (136), PT (53), RO (126), RS (77), SE (125), SI (30), SK (90), TR (5).

  33. OP in rivers: time series by geographic region OP in rivers (mg/l P) Fig. 8(a): Orthophosphate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007 in different regions of Europe. Period 1992-2007 (830 stations): East: EE (51); LT (26), SI (14), SK (6); North: FI (46), SE (113), NO (10); South: ES (69); Southeast: BG (59); West: AT (115), BE (8), CH (6), DE (109), DK (41), FR (156), LU (1). Period 2000-2007 (1928 stations): East: CZ (66), EE (53); HU (98); LV (47), LT (27), PL (104), SI (15), SK (19); North: FI (101), IS (1), NO (10) , SE (114); South: ES (105), IT (61); Southeast: AL (16), BA (21), BG (102), MK (19), RO (102); West: AT (142), BE (34), CH (7), DE (123), DK (42), FR (218), IE (20), LU (3), NL (9).

  34. OP in rivers: trend analysis by country Trends for consistent series 1992-2007 Trends for consistent series 2000-2007 Fig. 9(a): Trends in orthophosphate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007, shown as proportion of stations in different trend categories for each country. Note: Number of stations per country: see Fig. 8.

  35. OP in rivers: trend analysis by country Consistent series 1992-2007 Trends 2000-2007 Trends 1992-1999 Fig. 9(b): Trends in nitrate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007, shown as proportion of stations in different trend categories for each country. Note: Number of stations per country: see Fig. 6.

  36. OP in rivers: trend analysis by country Consistent series 1992-2007 Trends 2000-2007 Trends 1992-1999 Fig. 9(b): Trends in nitrate concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007, shown as proportion of stations in different trend categories for each country. Note: Number of stations per country: see Fig. 6.

  37. Total phosphorus in lakes: latest year per country Fig. 10(a): Present concentration of nitrate (mg N/l): proportion of stations in each concentration level per country Note: Data from the following countries are included (number of stations): AL (52), AT (290), BA (18), BE (62), BG (111), CH (8), CY (22), CZ (73), DE (151), DK (42), EE (60), ES (824), FI (228), FR (1631), UK (189), GR (52), HR (45), HU (101), IE (80), IS (1), IT (1351), LI (1), LT (99), LU (4), LV (140), MK (20), NL (23), NO (46), PL (136), PT (54), RO (126), RS (77), SE (125), SI (30), SK (90), TR (5).

  38. TP in lakes: trend analysis by country Trends for consistent series 1992-2007 Trends for consistent series 2000-2007 Fig. 12(a): Trends in total phosphorus concentrations in lakes between 1992 and 2007, shown as proportion of stations in different trend categories for each country. Note: Number of stations per country: see Fig. 11.

  39. TP in lakes: trend analysis by country Consistent series 1992-2007 Trends 2000-2007 Trends 1992-1999 Fig. 12(b): Trends in total phosphorus concentrations in lakes between 1992 and 2007, shown as proportion of stations in different trend categories for each country. Note: Number of stations per country: see Fig. 11.

  40. Nitrate in GW: Number of stations Fig. 13: Number of reported stations per geographic region of Europe.

  41. Nitrate in GW: Maximum concentrations Fig. 14. Maximum concentrations of nitrate (mg/l NO3) within each geographic region of Europe

  42. Nitrate in GW: exceedance of standard value Fig. 19. Number of stations with concentrations exceeding groundwater standard value

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