IMPERIALISM & ALASKA & SPANISH AMERICAN WAR & PUERTO RICO

1. IMPERIALISM & ALASKA &SPANISH AMERICAN WAR & PUERTO RICO

2. IMPERIALISM: THE POLICY OF ESTABLISHING COLONIES AND BUILDING EMPIRES. • OR: • IMPERIALISM IS STRONG NATIONS EXTENDING THEIR POLITICAL, MILITARY, & ECONOMIC CONTROL OVER WEAKER NATIONS

3. REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM: • B/C OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, THE COLONIES WOULD BE MARKETS WHERE THE U.S. COULD SELL THEIR MANUFACTURED GOODS • RAW MATERIALS & NATURAL RESOURCES: FOR EXAMPLE, THE COLONIES WOULD BE THE SOURCE OF ITEMS LIKE TEA, RUBBER, IRON, PETROLEUM….

4. REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM: • THE COLONIES WERE ALSO SOMEWHERE TO INVEST SURPLUS CAPITAL..$$$$$ • BY 1890, THE U.S. FRONTIER WAS CLOSED ( BY THEIR STANDARDS) • EUROPEAN NATIONS SET THE EXAMPLE FOR COLONIZATION AND/OR IMPERIALISATION

5. REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM: • AMERICAN NATIONALISM: • EXPANSIONISTS ARGUED THAT WE WERE MEANT TO DO THIS! • INFLUENTIAL WRITINGS AND LECTURES BY CAPTAIN ALFRED MAHAN AND HIS BOOK THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY

6. REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM: • MAHAN SAID THE FOLLOWING: • THE U.S. NEEDED A POWERFUL NAVY, BY 1898, WE WERE #3 IN THE WORLD • THE U.S. NEEDED FOREIGN BASES SO OUR SHIPS COULD REFUEL & RE-SUPPLY • WE NEEDED A CANAL ACROSS THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA • WE NEEDED HAWAII & OTHER ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC

7. EARLY ACQUISITIONS: • MIDWAY, 1867 AN ISLAND HALF WAY BETWEEN U.S. AND ASIA IN THE PACIFIC. IT WAS NEEDED AS A COALING STATION/ REFUELING…IT WAS UNINHABITED • WAKE ISLAND 1899 NEAR MIDWAY, A CABLE STATION FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO MANILA..IT WAS UNINHABITED

8. EARLY ACQUISITIONS: • SAMOAN ISLANDS 1899, • IT IS NEAR AUSTRALIA • IT IS USED AS A REFUELING STATION. • THE U.S. FORMALLY ANNEXED IT IN 1899. TODAY, AMERICAN SAMOA AND MIDWAY ARE AMERICAN COLONIES THAT PROVIDE THE U.S. WITH NAVAL & AIR BASES

9. THE PURCHASE OF ALASKA SEC. OF STATE WILLIAM SEWARD BOUGHT ALASKA

10. PURCHASE OF ALASKA • The Purchase of Alaska

11. PURCHASE OF ALASKA • Secretary of State William H. Seward believed in Manifest Destiny. • He envisioned a great empire and wanted to annex Canada, Hawaii, and several Caribbean islands.

12. ALASKA IS PURCHASED FROM RUSSIA FOR 7.2 MILLION DOLLARS • NICKNAMED SEWARD’S FOLLY AND/OR SEWARD’S ICEBOX

13. ALASKA, TWICE THE SIZE OF TEXAS, WAS HELD BY RUSSIA, BUT THE CZAR SAW LITTLE VALUE IN THE TERRITORY. • THE UNITED STATES ARRANGED TO BUY ALASKA FOR $7.2 MILLION - LESS THAN 2 CENTS/ACRE.

14. ALASKA • ALASKA BECAME THE 49TH STATE IN 1959. • ALASKA HAS TIMBER, FUR, FISH, COAL, OIL, AND GOLD. • ALASKA CONTAINS MAJOR AIR BASES, AS WELL AS MISSILE WARNING SYSTEMS.

15. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

16. Vocabulary and People • Jose Marti- Cuban patriot who launched a war for independence from Spain by getting support from Americans. • William Randolph Hearst- Published the New York Journal newspaper. • Yellow Press- The publications by Pulitzer and Hearst. They were called Yellow because of the comic strip character called the Yellow Kid. They printed sensational stories to sell papers. • Jingoism- Aggressive nationalism

17. Vocab and People • George Dewey- Commodore who led a fleet to take Manila Bay and defeated the Spanish Navy. • Emilio Aguinaldo- Filipino Nationalist who led a revolt against Spanish rule (1898) • Rough Riders- Rugged westerners and upper-class easterners, led by Teddy Roosevelt, who fought in the Spanish-American War. • Treaty of Paris- Officially ended the Spanish-American War and gave America Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. Cuba was freed.

18. INTRODUCTION • Struggling for freedom under Spanish rule for years, Cubans had gained only greater repression. • CUBA IS 90+ MILES FROM THE U.S.

19. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • AMERICANS INTEREST IN CUBA • U.S. LONG INTERESTED IN CUBA; WANTS TO BUY CUBA FROM SPAIN • DURING 1868-1878 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, AMERICAN SYMPATHIES WITH CUBA • 1886 ABOLITION OF SLAVERY LEADS TO US INVESTMENT IN SUGAR CANE

20. F.Y. I. AMERICA & CUBA • PRESIDENT T. JEFFERSON HAD CONSIDERED ANNEXING CUBA! • PRES. JAMES K. POLK HAD TRIED TO BUY CUBA • SO DID PRESIDENT McKINLEY!!!

21. F. Y. I. • DID YOU KNOW THAT THE SOUTH WANTED TO ANNEX CUBA AS ANOTHER SLAVE STATE!!! • ALSO, THE OSTEND MANIFESTO OF 1854 SUGGESTED THAT THE U.S. SHOULD SEIZE CUBA BY FORCE. THE U.S. QUICKLY REPUDICATED THIS STATEMENT .

22. CAUSES OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR: • HUMANITARIAN: WE FELT BAD FOR CUBA. THEY WANTED THEIR INDEPENDENCE. SPAIN MISTREATED THEM • YELLOW JOURNALISM: WE DID NOT GET THE WHOLE STORY. PLUS, EVERY STORY WAS EXAGGERATED. CUBAN PROBLEMS WERE USED TO SELL NEWSPAPERS.

23. CAUSES OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR: • DeLOME LETTER: STOLEN & PUBLISHED IN THE PAPERS. HE CALLED MCKINLEY A WEAK & INCOMPETENT PRESIDENT!! AMERICA IS FURIOUS. • SINKING OF THE MAINE. U.S. BLAMED SPAIN. IT PROBABLY WAS NOT SPAIN. B/C TODAY, WE KNOW IT BLEW UP FROM THE INSIDE OUT!!

24. CAUSES OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR: • CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION IN NOVEMBER • PEOPLE WANTED WAR • CONGRESS WANTED WAR • T. ROOSEVELT WANTED WAR • SO, IT WAS WAR!!

25. CUBA’S FIRST WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • CUBA IS A COLONY OF SPAIN. THEY WANTED TO BE FREE. • WAR BROKE OUT IN 1868, IT LASTED FOR 10 YEARS. CUBA LOST. • SPAIN PROMISED TO ABOLISH SLAVERY & GIVE THEM SOME SELF GOVERNMENT. THEY DID NOT DO THIS!!!

26. U.S.S. Maine Explodes • U.S.S. MAINE SENT TO PICK UP US CITIZENS AND PROTECT US PROPERTY • SHIP BLOWS UP IN HAVANA HARBOR AND NEWSPAPERS BLAME SPAIN • 260 OUT OF 350 AMERICANS DIE • THE U.S. BLAMES SPAIN!! • REMEMBER THE MAINE!!

27. U.S. GETS INVOLVED • SLAVERY IS ABOLISHED IN 1886 • U.S. STARTED INVESTING TENS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN CUBA. • U.S. BUY LAND AND SUGAR PLANTATIONS. • U.S. ABOLISHED TARIFF ON CUBA SUGAR. CUBA ECONOMY IS GREAT!!

28. U.S. GETS INVOLVED • THEN, THE WILSON GORMAN TARIFF PLACED A VERY HIGH, 40% TARIFF ON CUBAN SUGAR • THE CUBAN ECONOMY IS RUINED!!! THINGS ARE BAD!!! U.S. DID NOT MEAN TO DO THIS.

29. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • JOSEMARTI- POET, JOURNALIST- LAUNCHES SECOND REVOLUTION IN 1895. HE HAD SPENT MOST OF LIFE IN EXILE IN NEW YORK. ALSO, HE DIES IN 1895 • GUERILLA CAMPAIGN DESTROYS AMERICAN-OWNED SUGAR MILLS AND PLANTATIONS. THEY DID THIS TO GET US INTO THIS WAR! • US PUBLIC OPINION SPLIT

30. SPAIN TAKES ACTION • 1896, GENERAL VALERIANO WEYLER SENT TO CUBA TO RESTORE ORDER. HE IS NICKNAMED THE BUTCHER!! • PUTS ABOUT 300,000 CUBANS IN CAMPS. APPROXIMATELY 200,000 DIE!!

31. Drawn Into War • Americans were outraged when they heard of Cubans being sent to “re-concentration camps”. • An estimated 200,000 Cubans, 1/8 of the population, died of illness and starvation.

32. THE DE LOME LETTER • YELLOW JOURNALISM- SENSATIONAL WRITING USED TO LURE AND ENRAGE READERS • HEADLINES INCREASE AMERICAN SYMPATHY FOR INDEPENDENT CUBA • MCKINLEY WANTS TO AVOID WAR, AND TRIES DIPLOMACY TO RESOLVE CRISIS

33. HEARST & PULITZER ANDYELLOW JOURNALISM • USED THE CUBAN PROBLEMS TO SELL NEWSPAPERS. FACT & FICTION!! • HEARST SENT ARTIST FREDERIC REMINGTON TO DRAW PICTURES OF THE CUBAN ATROCITIES & HE COULD NOT FIND ANY OF THEM. • HEARST TOLD HIM “YOU FURNISH THE PICTURES & I WILL FURNISH THE WAR!!

34. AMERICANS ARE ANGRY • T. ROOSEVELT IS FURIOUS, HE WANTED WAR!! HE CALLED PRESIDENT MCKINLEY A “WHITE LIVERED CUR” WITH “NO MORE BACKBONE THAN A CHOCOLATE ECLAIR!” • SIX DAYS LATER……

35. SINKING OF THE MAINE • HEARST OFFERS $50,000 TO ANYONE WHO COULD PROVE THE SPANISH BLEW UP THE MAINE • U.S. DECLARES WAR APRIL 19, 1898

36. TELLER RESOLUTION • STATES THAT THE UNITED STATES CLAIMED NO “SOVEREIGNTY, JURISDICTION, OR CONTROL” OVER CUBA • AFTER DEFEATING SPAIN, CONTROL WOULD REST WITH CUBAN PEOPLE • IN OTHER WORDS, THE U.S. WAS NOT DOING THIS TO MAKE CUBA A COLONY OF THE U.S.A.

37. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE WAR TAKES PLACE IN THE PHILIPPINES. B/C ASSISTANT SEC. OF NAVY, T. ROOSEVELT ORDERED THE U.S. FLEET CLOSE TO THE PHILIPPINES, JUST IN CASE….

38. AMERICAN TROOPS BATTLE THE SPANISH • OVER 200,000 AMERICANS ENLIST IN THE ARMY • DEWEY TAKES THE PHILIPPINES • MAY 1, 1898- COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY LED HIS VESSELS INTO MANILA BAY. • AMERICANS QUICKLY DESTROY SPANISH FORCES. • 1 AMERICAN DIED OF HEAT STROKE , OVER 400 SPANISH DIED.

39. SPANISH AMERICA WAR • IN AMERICA, DEWEY IS A HERO • AT THE SAME TIME, FILIPINOS LED BY EMILIO AGUINALDO DEFEATED THE SPANISH ARMY IN THE PHILIPPINES. • IN AUGUST, 11,000 AMERICAN SOLDIERS LANDED ON THE ISLAND & SPANISH TROOPS SURRENDERED.

40. EMILIO AGUINALDO • AGUINALDO WAS A FRIEND TO THE U.S. TROOPS IN THE BEGINNING OF THIS WAR, B/C HE BELIEVED THE U.S. WAS GOING TO GIVE THE PHILIPPINES THEIR INDEPENDENCE. BUT, THAT DID NOT HAPPEN

41. EMILIO AGUINALDO • SO HE BECAME AN ENEMY OF THE U.S. IT TOOK THE U. S. 3 YEARS TO CATCH HIM. • EMILIO AGUINALDO IS THE FAMOUS FILIPINO FREEDOM FIGHTER WHO FOUGHT FURIOUSLY FOR FILIPINO FREEDOM, BUT FAILED.

42. AFTER THE WAR • EMILIO AGUINALDO SETS UP PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT AND PROCLAIMS HIMSELF PRESIDENT • FILIPINO REBELS FIGHT 3-YEAR WAR AGAINST U.S. • 1902- CONGRESS PASSES PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT ACT • ACT STATES THAT PHILIPPINES WOULD BE RULED BY A GOVERNOR AND TWO-HOUSE LEGISLATURE

43. Philippines

44. WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES • TO SUM IT ALL UP: • FIRST BATTLE W/ SPAIN OCCURS IN SPANISH COLONY, THE PHILIPPINES • COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY DESTROYS SPANISH FLEET IN MANILA HARBOR • FILIPINOS, LED BY EMILIO AGUINALDO, SUPPORT DEWEY • AUGUST, 1898, SPANISH TROOPS IN MANILA SURRENDER TO U.S.

45. T. ROOSEVELT • AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, HE IS ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. • HE QUIT THIS JOB SO THAT HE COULD FIGHT WITH THE ROUGH RIDERS!!!

46. T. R.

47. ROOSEVELT’S ROUGH RIDERS • MOSTLY COWBOYS AND COLLEGE ATHLETES • BATTLE OF • SAN JUAN HILL • & KETTLE HILL • .

48. ROUGH RIDERS • Once in Cuba, one regiment, called the Rough Riders, advanced on the city of Santiago.

49. ROUGH RIDERS • THEY WERE LED BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT, AND INCLUDED AN ASSORTMENT OF COLLEGE ATHLETES, COWBOYS, MINERS, AND LAW OFFICERS.

50. Rough Riders • ROUGH RIDERS-, THEODORE ROOSEVELT LEADS A VOLUNTEER CAVALRY UNIT • ROOSEVELT DECLARED HERO OF ATTACK ON STRATEGIC SAN JUAN HILL • SPANISH FLEET TRIES TO ESCAPE BLOCKADE AND IS DESTROYED IN NAVAL BATTLE • US TROOPS INVADE PUERTO RICO SOON AFTER