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Biodiversity

Biodiversity. Why is Biodiversity Important?. Genetic diversity:. Why is Biodiversity Important?. Species Diversity:. Why is Biodiversity Important?. Ecosystem Diversity:. Diversity = Richness + Evenness. richness : count of # species evenness : relative abundance of species.

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Biodiversity

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  1. Biodiversity

  2. Why is Biodiversity Important? • Genetic diversity:

  3. Why is Biodiversity Important? • Species Diversity:

  4. Why is Biodiversity Important? • Ecosystem Diversity:

  5. Diversity = Richness + Evenness • richness: count of # species • evenness: relative abundance of species Ecosystem AEcosystem B 4 oak species 3 oak species bl oak = 40 bl oak = 120 wh oak = 30 wh oak = 60 r oak = 20 r oak = 20 pin oak = 10 pin oak = 0

  6. Three Scales of Diversity A = B = alpha () diversity – within habitat C = beta () diversity – among habitat D = gamma () diversity – geographic scale

  7. Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices • Shannon-Wiener Index – most used • sensitive to change in status of rare species • H’ = diversity of species (range 0-1+) • s = # of species • pi = proportion of total sample belonging to ith species

  8. Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices • Shannon-Wiener Index

  9. Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices • Simpson Index – sensitive to changes in most abundant species • D = diversity of species (range 0-1) • s = # of species • pi = proportion of total sample belonging to ith species

  10. Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices • Simpson Index

  11. Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices • Species Evenness • H’max = maximum value of H’ = ln(s)

  12. Beta Species Diversity Indices • Sorensen’s Coefficient of Community Similarity – weights species in common • Ss = coefficient of similarity • (range 0-1) • a = # species common to both samples • b = # species in sample 1 • c = # species in sample 2

  13. Beta Species Diversity Indices • Sorensen’s Coefficient of Community Similarity • Dissimilarity = DS = b + c / 2a + b + c • Or 1.0 - Ss

  14. Sorensen’s Coefficient • Sample 1 • Total occurrences = b = 7 • # joint occurrences = a = 5 • Sample 2 • Total occurrences = c = 5 • # joint occurrences = a = 5 • Ss = 2 * 5 / 10 + 7 + 5 = 0.45 (45%) • Ds = 1 – 0.45 = 0.55 (55%)

  15. Species-of-the-Week • American woodcock (Scolopax minor)

  16. Habitat • Woods & thickets with moist soil, small openings near woody cover • aspen, alder, willow cover types (early successional = seedling/sapling stage; <3 in dbh)

  17. Food • Diet = 50-90% earthworms • Diurnal foraging in spring/summer • Nocturnal foraging in winter • Long bill used as probe (foot stomping)

  18. Reproduction • Courtship behavior = males on breeding fields Mar-Apr -- polygynous • Clutch size = ~4 eggs • I.P. = 21 days; near full grown in 28 days • Behavior • Migratory – winters in SE U.S. • Nonvocal calls = wing position

  19. Estimating Abundance of Wildlife • Terms • Population • Relative vs. Absolute Abundance • Parameter vs. Statistic • Population Index • Accuracy • Precision • Bias

  20. Estimating Abundance of Wildlife • Complete Counts (Census) • open habitat = visible wildlife • concentration of activity • small study area

  21. Estimating Abundance of Wildlife • Complete Counts (Census) • Drives • * Biased (under- or overestimate) • Territorial (Spot) Mapping • e.g., breeding birds

  22. Limitations: • territorial species (grouse, songbirds) • sex ratio known or assumed • nonterritorial males? (floaters) • ability to id species & map territories • Territorial (Spot) Mapping

  23. Estimating Abundance of Wildlife • Complete Counts (Census) • Aerial Counts & Sensing • - must see animal to count it! • - Aerial Photos or IR Thermal Scans • photos of migratory waterfowl

  24. Estimating Abundance of Wildlife • Complete Counts (Census) • Aerial Counts & Sensing • Aerial line-transect counts • must see animal to count it! • Aerial Photos or IR Thermal Scans • photos of migratory waterfowl • IR scans of wildlife (bowhunting study in MN – loss rate)

  25. Estimating Abundance of Wildlife • Complete Counts - Sample Plots • Line transects (ground or aerial) • e.g., flush count for grassland birds • assumes 100% detection

  26. Indices of Relative Abundance • …dependent on the collection of samples that represent some relatively constant but unknown population size • Traps, number of fecal pellets, vocalization frequency, pelt records, catch/unit effort, number of artifacts, questionnaires, cover, feeding capacity, roadside counts

  27. Indices of Relative Abundance

  28. Capture Techniques

  29. Capture Techniques

  30. Radio Telemetry

  31. Spatial Organization Female Male

  32. Scent Stations

  33. Remote Camera Systems

  34. DNA Fingerprinting

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