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Global Beginnings

Global Beginnings. Drive to Explore. New Routes. Faith, Curiosity. Search for wealth Europeans desired expensive luxury goods Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants Charged high prices for these rare goods. Hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia to gain trade foothold

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Global Beginnings

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  1. Global Beginnings

  2. Drive to Explore New Routes Faith, Curiosity • Search for wealth • Europeans desired expensive luxury goods • Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants • Charged high prices for these rare goods • Hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia to gain trade foothold • Wealth not only goal • Some set out to find fame, glory • Hoped making great discoveries would bring honor to their names • Other explorers hoped to spread their faith into new lands • Another motive—simple curiosity • Writings like Marco Polo’s very popular in Europe, intrigued many with tales of exotic lands, peoples Foundations of Exploration • Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe • Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery • Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration

  3. What is the easiest way to remember it all? • The Three G’s: • Gold • Glory • God • Although a little simplistic, this mnemonic is a great way to remember the main motivations of the European explorers.

  4. Two Factors Stimulated Exploration • Need for new trade routes • High price of goods • Improvements made travel easier • Compass • Portolan charts • Ship design

  5. Europeans Discover New Lands • Portugal became leader of exploration in the 1400’s • Prince Henry – “Prince Henry the Navigator” • Helped improve navigational equipment • Opened a naval school • Sponsored exploration of the African coast

  6. The Portuguese Explore Africa • 1487-1488 Bartholomeu Dias led exploration along African coast • Became first to sail the Cape of Good Hope

  7. Vasco da Gama • Sent on an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope • Left in July 1497; arrived in India May 1498 • Portugal won race for a sea route to Asia • Governed small colony in India • This trip was very profitable • Spices were worth 60X the cost of the trip • 27,000 miles round trip

  8. Columbus’s Voyages to the Caribbean • Christopher Columbus • Believed that he could reach India by sailing west (did not know about American continents) • Convinced Queen Isabella to back his voyage (after several years) • Studied sailing and navigation techniques and read books about travel and geography

  9. Columbus’s Voyages to the Caribbean • The first voyage • Set sail on August 3, 1492 • Crew of 90 men, two caravels (the Niña and the Pinta) and his flagship, the Santa Maria • Reached land after 3 weeks (San Salvador in the Caribbean) • Called the local people “los Indios.” They were Tainos. • Always thought he had explored part of Asia

  10. Results of Voyages Columbus—three more voyages to Americas • Still believed he had reached Asia • Error not realized until about 1502 • Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America, concluded it was not Asia • Mapmakers later named land America in his honor

  11. Results of Voyages • Knowing they had found new land, Spanish set out to explore it • 1513, Núñez de Balboa led expedition across Isthmus of Panama • After more than three weeks of travel, Balboa became first European to see Pacific Ocean

  12. Papal Line of Demarcation • News of Columbus spread • Line of Demarcation – created by Pope Alexander VI – imaginary boundary showing the land that Spain could explore and claim • Spain claimed land to the west, Portugal to the east • Portugal was unhappy with the line • Treaty of Tordasillas moved the Line of Demarcation almost 800 miles west

  13. Ferdinand Magellan • Portuguese Sailor - Ferdinand Magellan • Believed he could sail to Asia through the South Sea • Spain provided 5 ships for his voyage • He set sail September 1519 • Sailed South down the coast of South America • Discovered a Strait – Became known as Strait of Magellan

  14. Ferdinand Magellan • Trip to the Southern Tip of South America took 130 days • Sailed across the Pacific and landed in present day Philippines where he was killed in battle

  15. Ferdinand Magellan • September 1522 -18 of the original 250 member crew returned to Spain on 1 of the original 5 ships • These 18 sailors were the first to Circumnavigate the globe • 40,000 mile trip across 3 oceans finally found a western passage to Asia that Columbus began searching for in 1492.

  16. Magellan’s Trip

  17. West African Trading Kingdoms

  18. Portuguese in Africa • 1400s exploring for water route to Asia • Mombasa and Malindi • coastal cities on African coast • hubs of international trade • expelled Arabs & took control over trade routes • Set up and maintained forts along African Coast

  19. The Portuguese in West Africa • Nature of slavery changed when Europeans began to view slaves as important to African trade. • Portuguese established large-scale farms, or plantations, first in Africa, then in Caribbean islands and in the Americas; later the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch did the same.

  20. Portuguese in Africa • Affonso I – ruler of Kongo resisted slave trade • Tutored by Portuguese missionaries • Hoped to establish Christian state with help of Portuguese • Pg. 95 primary source reading

  21. New African States • Asante kingdom • present day Ghana • Osei Tutu • Military leader • Unites kingdom • Creates wealthy powerful state • Oyo Empire • Present day Nigeria

  22. Europeans in South & Southeast Asia • Afonso de Albuquerque , Portuguese, explored Indian Ocean • Goa – trading posts • Malacca – port city seized by Portuguese • Muslim rulers established Mughal Empire through much of India • In 50 years Portugal established trading kingdom controlling much of spice trade between Europe and Asia for most of 1500s.

  23. Europeans in South & Southeast Asia • The Dutch • Northern protestant provinces win independence from Holy Roman Empire in early 1500s • As Portuguese power declined in Africa during 1600s Dutch (and others) took over their forts. • 1652 Settled Cape Town - 1st permanent settlement • Boers – Dutch farmers settling around Cape Town

  24. Europeans In South & Southeast Asia • In India wealthy Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East India Company • Sovereign power • Gained control of Portuguese posts • By 1700s growing power of English and France led to decline in Dutch influence.

  25. Europeans In South & Southeast Asia • 1521 Magellan claimed Philippines for Spain • Used Philippines as midway point • Ship silver mined in America to Philippines • Buy goods in China from Philippines

  26. Europeans In South & Southeast Asia • Mughal India = larger, wealthier, & more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. • Saw no threat from European traders. • Declined • Internal war and economic problems

  27. Europeans in South & Southeast Asia • French & English established East Indian companies (similar to Dutch) and organized sepoys • Mid 1700s struggle between British and French for dominance (Seven Years War/French & Indian War) • British win

  28. Europeans in East Asia - China • Portuguese reach China in 1514 • Ming ruler allows them to set up trading posts at Macao (Guangzhou) • 1644 Manchus overrun Ming empire • Call themselves Qing empire • Under Kangxi & Qianlong Chinese economy expanded • Lord Maccartney led British diplomatic mission to China in attempt to expand trade • Mission failed.

  29. Europeans in East Asia – Korea & Japan • Korea • Overrun by Manchus in 1636 • Restricted trade – became known as the “Hermit Kingdom” • Japan • Welcomed traders • Jesuit missionaries converted many Japanese to Christianity • Japanese shogun’s fearful of allegiance to Pope expelled foriegners • Limited trade to 1-2 Dutch ships

  30. Global Beginnings Chapter 3

  31. First Encounters • 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue and landed in Caribbean. • Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, followed in the wake of Columbus. • Seized gold from the Taínos • Converted them to Christianity. • Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases. • Small pox, measles and influenza wiped out native villages

  32. The Conquistadors CORTÉS IN MEXICO • Hernan Cortés landed on the Mexican coast in 1519. • Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords. • The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, thought Cortés might be a god. He offered tribute to Cortés and welcomed him to Tenochtitlán. • When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlán. • In 1521, Cortés returned and captured and demolished Tenochtitlán.

  33. The Conquistadors • Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just after the conclusion of a bloody civil war. • Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands of his followers. • The Spanish then overran the Incan heartland

  34. Ruling the Spanish Empire In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH THE ECONOMY GOVERNMENT Spain closely controlled economic activity, especially trade. The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on plantations and required large numbers of workers. At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions. Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work. The Church worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Church leaders often served as royal officials. Spanish missionaries forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture. Spain was determined to maintain strict control over its empire. The empire was divided into five provinces, each of which was ruled by a viceroy. The Council of the Indies helped pass laws for the colonies.

  35. Colonial Society In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new social structure. Mulattoes were people of African and European descent.

  36. Challenging Spanish Power • To get around Spain’s strict control over colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists. • Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments. • The Dutch, English, and French hunted for other gold empires and for a northwest passage to Asia.

  37. The English • 1497, first major English voyage of discovery launched • John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what is now Canada • Tried to repeat voyage; fleet vanished, presumably sunk Explorers from the Rest of Europe • Spanish and Portuguese did not remain alone in their efforts. • By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas. • Dutch later joined in explorations.

  38. Sir Francis Drake • English soon realized they had reached an unknown land, not Asia • Queen sent Sir Francis Drake out • After stop in what is now California, Drake sailed north to seek route around North America • The weather was too cold, and he ended up heading west around the world to get back to England. He became the second man to circumnavigate the globe.

  39. Henry Hudson • England wanted to find shorter route to Asia than Magellan found • Sent Dutch-born sailor Henry Hudson • 1607, Hudson set out to north • Hoped to find Northeast Passage around Europe • Found nothing but ice, returned to England • Later made two more voyages for English, one for Dutch

  40. The French • Also wanted to find passage to Asia • Sent explorers to look for Northwest Passage • 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River, claimed land as province of New France, now Canada The French

  41. New France • Helped by Native American allies, French explorers and fur traders traveled inland, claiming vast territory. • Harsh Canadian climate attracted few French peasants. • The population of New France grew slowly. • In the late 1600s, the French king began to exert greater control over political and economic activities in New France to increase revenue.

  42. French & Indian War • During the 1700s, Britain and France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763). • In North America, they battled each other in the French and Indian War. • The Treaty of Paris (1763), which officially ended the world-wide war, ensured British dominance in North America. • Relationship between settlers & Native Americans.

  43. The Atlantic Slave Trade • The Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire. • By the 1600s the English, French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too.

  44. Triangular Trade The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

  45. The Middle Passage • Horrible journey for Africans. • Walked 1000 miles • Packed below deck in grotesque conditions • ½ died from disease, cruelty, suicide, storms, pirate raids or mutinies

  46. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Atlantic slave trade continued for 400 years. • By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. • Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage. • Effect in Africa • Rise and Decline of African States

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