NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS

1. NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS America: Past and Present Chapter 1

3. Routes of the First Americans

4. The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role 5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution Crops include maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

5. Mysterious Disappearances Anasazi Culture�Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation Adena and Hopewell Peoples�Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network Cahokia�Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network

6. Aztec Dominance Aztecs settle valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political structure Rule through fear and force

7. Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic Coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers

8. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

9. A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

10. Cultural Negotiations Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Define place in society through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

11. Confederacies of Eastern North America Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois--Central New York Powhattans--Chesapeake

12. Threats to Survival: Trade Native Americans were eager for European trade They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

13. Threats to Survival: Disease Contact brings population decline among American Indians Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease smallpox measles influenza Rate as high as ninety-five percent

14. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs A history of empires Mali Ghana Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

15. Trade Routes in Africa

16. Beginnings of theSlave Trade 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

17. How Many Slaves? 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year 18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860--ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.

18. Europe on the Eve of Conquest 10th Century --Leif Ericson settles �Vinland� Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained rise of nation-states spread of new technologies spread of old knowledge. 1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization

19. Building New Nation-States Population growth after 1450 �New Monarchs� forge nations from scattered provinces Spain France England �Middle class� a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed

20. Imagining a New World Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization

21. Myths and Reality Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to �Cathay� 1492--Initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America

22. The Conquistadores Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521--Cort�s destroys Aztec Empire 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest

23. Voyages of European Exploration

24. From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors Large land grants Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute Appointed officials answer only to Crown Catholic Church Protects Indian rights Performs mass conversions By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarry Mixed-blood population emerges

25. The French Claim Canada 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement Fur trade underpins economy Indians become valued trading partners

26. The English Enter the Competition Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

27. Birth of English Protestantism English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany 1536--John Calvin�s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics

28. The English Reformation Tudor monarchs bring political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthens Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English Catholic Counterreformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English Reformation

29. Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stresses God�s omnipotence Predestination�some persons chosen by God for salvation Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe France�Huguenots Scotland�Presbyterians England�Puritans

30. Woman in Power Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduces Via Media Protestant Doctrine �Catholic� Ritual Ends religious turmoil in England Elizabeth�s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

31. Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs� seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated

32. Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same way

33. English Conquest of Ireland Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward English under Elizabeth seize Irish land

34. English Brutality English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance such as massacre of women and children English adventurers compare Native Americans with �wild� Irish

35. An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

36. Campaign to Sell America By 1600 no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies