The Characteristics of Living Things

1. The Characteristics of Living Things

2. The Characteristics of Living Things • Great Complexity & Organization • Composed of Cells • Reproduction & Development • Mechanism for Inheritance • Metabolism & Homeostasis • Interaction with the Environment • Evolution (Adaptation)

3. Great Complexity and Organization • Living things are made of the same materials as everything else in the universe • are assembled into molecules • Living things are more organized , more complex • Living things require energy to carry out life processes

4. The Hierarchy of Life • Atoms • Molecules • Organelles • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ Systems • Organisms • Populations • Communities • Ecosystems • Biosphere

5. Atoms proton neutron electron hydrogen atom helium atom carbon atom 1p, 0n, 1e- 2p, 2n, 2e- 6p, 6n, 6e-

6. Some Elements

7. Simple Inorganic Molecules • Water (H2O) • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Molecular Oxygen (O2) • Ammonium (NH3) • Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

8. Biological Compounds Categories: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

9. Organic Building Block Molecules Simple Sugars (e.g., glucose: C6H12O6) Amino Acids (e.g., glycine: C2H5O2N) Nucleotide Bases (e.g., adenine: C5H5N4)

10. Cell Organelles nucleus smooth ER mitochondria rough ER golgi

11. Cells Nerve cell Osteocyte Muscle cell Blood cell

12. Levels of Body Organization

13. Organisms

14. Populations

15. Communities

16. Ecosystems

17. The Biosphere

18. DNA molecule carbon atom organelle cell tissue biosphere ecosystem organ organ system community organism population Levels of Sturctural Organization

19. Prokaryotic Cell

20. Eukaryotic Animal Cell

21. Eukaryotic Plant Cell

22. Classification: Six kingdom system : Eubacteria Archaebacteria E. coli Cyanobacteria Protista Paramecium Diatom Slime mold Plantae Fungi Animalia

23. Asexual Reproduction Coral polyp budding

24. Sexual Reproduction

25. Both Sexual & Asexual

26. Development

27. DNA Contains information for almost all cell activities

28. Metabolism • The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. • Anabolism- build up of complex molecules • Catabolism- break down of complex molecules

29. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

30. Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2

31. Autotrophs • Organisms that make their own food (like plants, some protists, and some bacteria) • Plants capture energy from the sun, use water and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

32. Heterotrophs • Organisms that take in food to meet their energy needs • Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs

33. Is a Coral a Heterotroph or Autotroph?

35. Homeostasis • Maintenance of constant internal conditions in varying environments • Adaptation of organisms to specific environments

36. Homeostasis Three big problems • Obtaining energy and nutrients • Maintaining temperature • Obtaining and holding onto water

37. Body Temperature Regulation

38. Temperature Control Ectotherms (Poikilotherms) • Generate body heat metabolically, but cannot maintain constant internal body temperature • Body temperature mimics the surrounding environment

39. Ectotherms • Most ectotherms regulate their body temperature by • basking • moving between shade/sun • being active at certain times of day

40. Temperature Control Endotherms (homeothermic) • Generate body heat metabolically and body temperature does not match the temperature of the surrounding environment • These organisms retain metabolic heat and can control metabolism to maintain a constant internal temperature

41. Interaction with the environment • Living things interact with each other and with the environment • Ecology – the study of these interactions • Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish • Humans eat fish • What if something happened to the fish?

42. Interaction with the Environment

43. Evolution Change in the genetic composition of a population through time

44. Evolution • Inherited change in the characteristics of organisms over time • Living things are slowly changing • Process ofnatural selectionresults in change over time • Organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those favorable genes

45. Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change • Production of heritable variations • Natural Selection • Chance

46. Heredity • Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring • Instructions from parent to offspring are passed on in the form of genes

47. Heritable variations Banding pattern Dwarfism Eye color Beak Depth Blood type

48. Adaptations The structural, functional, and behavioral features that contribute to the success of a species.

49. Natural Selection • Peppered Moths: study in England 1800’s More light than dark moths • Industrial pollution turned trees dark • Population shifted to mostly dark moths Peppered Moth Exercise http://www.techapps.net/interactives/pepperMoths.swf

50. Natural Selection