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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. By Coach Murray. Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30). Phylum Porifera – 10,000 species mistaken for plants, heterotrophs , up to 16 ft wide, filter 20 x volume in 1 min., secrete mucus to avoid clogging

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 By Coach Murray

  2. Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30) • Phylum Porifera – 10,000 species mistaken for plants, heterotrophs, up to 16 ft wide, filter 20 x volume in 1 min., secrete mucus to avoid clogging • Multicelluar: collar cels (move H2O), amoebocyte (absorb/distribute nutrients), osculum (or oscula),

  3. Sponges – Filters of the Sea (5-30) • Special Attributes of Sponges • Larvae are free swimming and attach themselves to reef/structures and begin growing into adults • Defense: needlelike spicules (Fig 5-30 in green) made of glass/calcium or some secrete toxic chemicals • Can regenerate

  4. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish (5-33) • PhyllumCnidaria – soft/hard corals, sea anemones, hydroids, sea fans, and jellyfish • Radial symmetry, umbrella shaped body polyp or medusa (tentacles/mouth facing up or down) • Nematocysts – stinging cells on tentacles

  5. Examples of Cnidarians

  6. Cnidarian Anatomy

  7. Speical Attributes of Corals and Anemones • Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa – 6000 species of sessile polyps (corals and anemones) • Hard corals build reefs made of calcium carbonate grow for 100+ yrs and shape entire coastlines • Feed at night on drifting plankton and look fuzzy – tentacles of genus Symbiodinium a dinoflagellate • Corals get their color from these dinoflagellates

  8. Special Attributes of Fire Corals and Siphonophores • Class Hydrozoa – colonial, alternate b/w polyp and medusa in their lifecycle • Examples: Portuguese man-of-war • Has a fish like wish the same name • Siphonophores all sting

  9. Special Attributes of Jellyfish • Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish, drift w/current, pulsate bodies to move, eat plankton + fish, grow up to 10’ long, larvae blooms can cause clouds 100 mi. long, prey of Leatherbacks/fish • Examples • Box Jellyfish • Kills humans

  10. Simple Marine Worms (5-41) • 22 Phyla of 32 animal Phyla are worms (Whoa!) • You need to know 3 Phyla – Platyhelminthes – flat worms, mostly parasitic, 1 opening in body • Nemertea – semi-flat worms, carnivores, • Nemotoda – round worms, parasitic, 1 way digestive system,

  11. Simple Marine Worms (5-41) Platyhelminthes – the flat worms

  12. Simple Marine Worms (5-41) Nemertea – the ribbon worms

  13. Simple Marine Worms (5-41) Nematoda – round worms

  14. Mollusks – Bag, Scraper, and a Foot (5-43) • PhyllumMolluska – 100,000 species, 3 classes • Classes Gastropoda , Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda • General Characters of all Mollusks (Fig 5-46) • Mantle = muscular bag for motion/feeding • Muscular foot/tentacles, radulla are like teeth

  15. Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda • Characters: (most have 1 shell) snails, slugs, sea slugs, conch • Undergo torsion in development: body twists into a loop that rearranges organs and bring them back together into a spiral shell • Those w/o shells use toxins for defense

  16. Special Attributes of Class Gastropoda

  17. Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia • Characters: (2 hinged shells) – no head, mantle acts as bag for filter feeding • Close shell for protection, pearls form layers of nacre (dirt surrounded by calcium carbonate) • Ex. 10,000 species of clams, oysters, and scallops

  18. Special Attributes of Class Bivalvia

  19. Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda • Characters: (head-footed) – cuttlefish, squid, octopii • No shell, muscular foot = tentacles/arms, eyes • Siphon – water propeller • Chromatophores – color changing cells • Suckers for gripping

  20. Special Attributes of Class Cephalopoda

  21. Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57) • Phylum Echinodermata = means “spiny skin” • Exoskeleton, madreporite, water vascular system, tube feet, radial (adult), bilateral (larvae), eyespots • Examples: starfish, sea urchins, basket stars,

  22. Echinoderms – Stars of the Sea (5-57) • More Phylum Echinodermata Examples: Sand dollar, sea cucumber

  23. Crustaceans- Underwater Arthropods – (5-51) • Phylum Arthropoda – (“bugs”)1 million species, segmented bodies, jointed legs, exoskelton of chitin. • SuperclassCrustacea – 2 antennae, manibiles for chewing, pair of appendages for each body segment, molt their exoskeletons

  24. Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods • Special Attributes of Class Cirripedia • Barnacles • Free swimming larvae fuses itself to hard surface • Has a carapace and uses cirri to gather food

  25. Crustaceans – Underwater Arthropods • Class Copepoda – small, teardrop shaped, < 1mm (5-53) • Eat phytoplankton and zooplankton • Eaten by fish, krill, whale sharks, baleen whales • Fecal pellets recycle ocean nutrients rapidly

  26. Invertebrate Chordates (5-62) • Characters • Examples

  27. Vertebrates – 40,000 species • Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata (64) • Characters of Subphylum Vertebrata • Top of all food webs, large, fast, complex, highly developed organisms w/ 4 limbs, complex eyes • Anthropomorphism - making human things human when they are not

  28. Vertebrates (The Significance of Class Agnatha 5-64) • Jawless fish, shark/bony fish ancestor(?) where 1st three gill arches became the jaws of bony fish/sharks • Ex. Lampreys, hagfish, eels

  29. Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (5-65) • Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii: 1000 species, have jaws, skeleton of cartilage a swim bladder, lateral line, gill slits, energy efficient, quick, inconspicuous predator • Efficient: cartilage lighter than bone, fins sit at angles and asymmetrical tails to provide lift, elastic skin, denticles not scales, teeth grow as conveyor belt (25,000 teeth in lifetime) • Ampullae of Lorenzini for electroreception

  30. Sharks and Rays – Teeth and Wings (5-69) Continued • Class Condrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii: • Most do internal fertilization, few (1-10) mature offspring – some species do lay eggs • Shark fin soup is made by catching the sharks, cutting off the fins and dumping the shark overboard • Size of your hand to 46ft (Whale shark)

  31. Subclass Elasmobranchii

  32. Subclass Elasmobranchii

  33. Bony Fish – Half the World’s Vertebrates – 25,000+ (5-73) • Characteristics of Bony Fish– Class Osteichthyes • Skeleton of bone, true jaws, scales, external reproduction (100++ eggs), fusiform shape • swim bladder (buoyancy control – get Nitrogen from bloodstream) • Lateral lines (detect vibrations – schooling and feeding), countershading (dark top, bright underside)

  34. Swim Bladder What is it? What does it do? • Internal organ – an oblong gas sack • Controls buoyancy in the water column • Filled with Nitrogen and Oxygen gas • Gas comes from 2 places: gulping or from the bloodstream References: http://www.glossop-sea-angling-club.co.uk/webpages/venting_files/bladder1.gif

  35. Lateral Line • A system of hollow fluid filled canals • Most species can be seen externally • Allow the fish to detect motion and vibrations • Important for: • Schooling • Predator detection • Prey detection • References • http://www.hatchesmagazine.com/images/12806.04.01.jpg • http://www.amazonian-fish.co.uk/images/plagioscon_squamosissimus.jpg

  36. Fusiform Structure: A type of shape….. Side view: Spindle shaped which is broader at the head and a V-shaped tail. Front view: compressed Function: reduces drag and turbulance References: http://www.fullpullsportfishing.com/images/fish/bf_tuna.jpg http://www.marinebiology.org/images/bodyshape.GIF

  37. Special Attributes of Orders Clupeiformes and Gadiformes (5-75) • Clupeiformes • Small silvery fish, low on food chain (eat diatoms) • Account for ¼ of all fish caught • Ex. Anchovies, sardines, pilchards • Gadiformes • 1/6 of fish catch but close to commericial extinction • Ex. Cods, whiting, and haddock

  38. GadiformesMelanogrammusaeglefinus - Haddock

  39. GadiformesOphiodonelongatus - Alaskan Ling Cod

  40. Marine Reptiles – Cold Blood and Warm Water (5-77) • Characters: few live in ocean, cold blooded, have lungs, internal reproduction(eggs) • Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles, and caimans • Lives in estuaries, not truly a marine species

  41. Order Crocodilia – Alligators, Caimans, and Crocodiles

  42. Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs • Jaw/Snout/Nose Width • Gators and Caimans: U shaped nose, wide jaws, built for crushing turtles shells • Crocs: more V shaped nose, narrow jaws

  43. Gators and Caimans vs. Crocs • Tooth Placement • Gators: lower jaw more narrow so teeth in bottom jaw almost hidden • Crocs: upper and lower jaw the same size, top and bottom teeth interlock and show • Crocs: large 4th tooth

  44. Special Attributes of Marine Crocodiles, Turtles, Snakes and Lizards • Order Chelonia (turtles and tortoises) – 7 marine species which eat plants/animals, all bycatch hazards, lay 100 – 120 eggs in dunes • Ex. Green sea turtle, Leatherback • Order Squamata – 61 sea snake species, cobra relatives, deadly venom, • Marine iguana only marine reptile – swims, dives, and is an herbivore (algae), Galapagos native

  45. Order Chelonia– Cheloniamydas (Green sea turtle)

  46. Order Chelonia – Carettacaretta – Loggerhead sea turtle

  47. Order Squamata Aipyisuruslavevis– Olive sea snake Laticaudacolubrina– Banded sea snake

  48. Seabirds – At Flight Over and In the Ocean (5-81) • Characters: Class Aves – 10,000 feathered species of birds, forelimbs, 4 chambered heart, internal fertilization of eggs, • Prey on: fish, crustaceans, mollusks, Predators: sharks • Indicate marine ecosystem health, guano • Adaptations: bills, longer wings, webbed feet,

  49. Marine Mammals – Warm Blood in Cold Water (5-83) • Class Mammalia: • top of food web, need extra energy for thermoregulation, breathe air • Have myoglobin, mammalian diving reflex, flexible skin, echolocation (dolphins and whales) • Examples • Dolphins, whales, seals, sea lions

  50. Can you name these 3 pinnipeds?

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