Unit 8—Chapters 20 – 21

1. Unit 8—Chapters 20 – 21 Populism and Progressivism (1870 – 1917) CSS 11.2, 11.3, 11.4

2. Election of 1880 Stalwarts led by Conkling (NY) liked the spoils system Half-Breeds led by Blaine (ME) wanted civil service reform Garfield elected as compromise assassinated by Charles Guiteau, a stalwart, then Arthur was president Pendleton Act, 1883 merit based system began to replace the spoils system set up a commission to oversee all classified positions (14,000 jobs or 10% of govt. jobs) Social Gospel, 1882 Christian society should apply its teaching to heal social problems began with Washington Gladden, a Congregationalist preacher from Columbus, OH Christian Science, 1879 founded by Mary Baker Eddy taught that relief from stress and problems of complex urban environment could be relieved through prayer and reliance on faith Salvation Army, 1880 “with heart to God, and hand to man” group formed to bring Christian teaching to urban society banned drinking, smoking, gambling 2nd largest provider of social welfare in the world 1880 Stalwarts v. Half-Breeds James A. Garfield1881 “I am a Stalwart. Arthur is now President of the United States.” --Charles Guiteau 396

3. Election of Scandals (1884) Blaine implicated himself in a railroad scandal (Burn this letter) Cleveland had an illegitimate son in OH whom he took care of Mugwumps moderate republicans, led by Charles Schurz, voted for Cleveland Greenback Labor Party at its height in 1878 this party backed by farmers and workers who supported cheaper money polled over a million votes and elected 14 members of Congress Grover Cleveland first democratic president elected since Buchanan fired 2/3 of civil workers because of pressure from party ( 1st Dem. in office since Buchanan) Cleveland sets sights on lowering tariff National Prohibition Party, 1869 counties and states began to go “dry” Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 1873 WCTU vocally opposed alcoholism, prostitution, and drug use Carrie Nation went into bars hatchet in hand to stop drinkers Anti-Saloon League, 1893 major support in South and rural North heavily influenced by anti-foreign prejudice major political lobby of its day 1884 “Ma, ma, where’s my Pa?” Grover Cleveland1885-1889 401 Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion

4. Patrons of Husbandry (Grange), 1867 started by Oliver H. Kelly 1.5 million farmers joined provided social interaction and education (training and newspapers) tried to organize the farmers to fight the power of the railroads Munn v. Illinois, 1877 granger laws regulated railroads within the states grain elevator rates, consistent, posted prices Wabash decision, 1886 railroads are interstate commerce thus outside state authority farmers believed courts influenced by big business ICC created in 1887 to give federal government authority denied by the courts Farmers’ Alliance, 1890 group of farmers and laborers had about a million supporters in both North and South tried to break the hold of railroads and manufacturers led to Populists Populist Party, 1890 “People’s Party” got its numbers from disgruntled farmers and laborers unlike earlier movements, they went national and were a powerful political player Mary E. Lease "calamity howler" from KS who made 160 speeches in 1890 in support of the Populists cried out against the government that was "of Wall Street, for Wall Street, and by Wall Street” The Farmers Unite “Raise less corn and more hell.” --Mary E. Lease

5. Republican-dominated House was the first to spend $1 billion in one year Speaker Thomas B. Reed (ME) refused to let Democrats speak Pension Act, 1890 included veterans who served for 90 days and were now unable to work # of pensioners rose 676,000 to 970,000 and costs rose from $81 to $135 million McKinley Tariff, 1890 raised tariffs on agriculture and manufactures highest peacetime rate yet (48.4%) outraged voters replaced Republican majority with Democrats (235 to 88 Republicans) McKinley and Harrison not re-elected in 1892 Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890 silver miners wanted silver-backed currency banknotes could be redeemed in either gold or silver do it depleted the nation’s $100 million gold reserve Cleveland repealed it in 1893 Depression of 1893 worst depression of the century hit cities hardest caused by over speculation, overbuilding, labor disorders, and the Silver Purchase Act JP Morgan loaned the US $65 million in gold to end the depression 1888 Benjamin Harrison1889-1893 401

6. Cleveland called special session of Congress to deal with the depression of 1893 Coxey’s Army, 1894 “General” Jacob S. Coxey led 500,000 unemployed to D.C. demanded govt. issue $500 million in greenbacks Wilson-Gorman Bill, 1894 bill called for 2% tax of incomes over $4,000 and a lower tariff 630 amendments made to bill and it only lowered the tariff to 41.3% Cleveland signed it rather than start over Supreme Court ruled that income tax was unconstitutional working class accused the courts of working for big business Republicans gained in the House 244 to 105 Homestead Strike, 1892 major strike at a Carnegie Steel plant 300 Pinkerton detectives used rifles and dynamite to end the strike 10 killed, 60 wounded Pullman Strike, 1894 workers struck in Chicago after their wages were cut by a third overturned train cars and stopped railway traffic from Chicago to the Pacific including the US mail Cleveland used the army to break the strike and workers saw an alliance between big business and government 1892 “The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for humanity.” —Eugene V. Debs Grover Cleveland1893-1897 444

7. Populist Party, 1890 formed after the Farmer’s Alliance and the Patrons of Husbandry attempted to bind together western farmers and eastern workers Omaha Platform, 1892 $50/ per person in currency graduated income tax nationalization of railroads, utilities, and communications secret “Australian” ballot one-term limit for president restriction of immigration 8-hour workday tariff reduction William Jennings Bryan Populist orator from NE supported coinage of silver at 16 to 1 swept through 27 states and made over about 600 speeches “Cross of Gold” speech left Populist Party for the Democrats in 1896 Populists and the Wizard of Oz “We will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: ‘You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.’” —William Jennings Bryan The Populists • Populist Party • farmers—no education • workers—no commitment • Bryan—switched parties • Populist party members • Populists supporters • Industrialists on coasts • Pinkerton detectives • President of U.S. • silver slippers • Dorothy • Scarecrow—no brains • Tin Man—no heart • Cowardly Lion—no courage • Munchkins • Good Witch of N/S • Wicked Witch of E/W • Flying Monkeys • Wizard • Ruby slippers

8. 1896 William McKinley1897-1901 447 Election of 1896 • outspent Bryan $16 million to $250,000 in the campaign • Mark Hanna scared the rich into supporting McKinley • Rematch of McKinley and Bryan in 1900 ends the same way Dingley Tariff, 1897 • Republicans under Reed pushed through a 46.5% tariff • 850 amendments made it higher in some categories than the McKinley Tariff Gold Standard Act, 1900 • paper currency was to be redeemed by gold • increased gold reserve to $150 million • inflation finally came when more gold was discovered in Alaska, South Africa, and Australia Leon Czolgosz • anarchist assassin who killed McKinley at the Pan-American exposition in 1901 Industrial Workers of the World, 1905 • IWW organized all workers including unskilled, immigrants, and minorities • used heavy worker class rhetoric

9. Muckrakers middle-class reformers who called for regulation of industry and political reform feared destruction of democracy by rich as well as revolution/socialism from the poor foundation of Progressive movement focused on exposing injustice in publications: McClure’s, Nation, Cosmopolitan Ida Tarbell “The History of Standard Oil” (1904) account of unethical practices of Standard Oil to control the industry Lincoln Steffens “The Shame of the Cities” (1904) corruption in urban government Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” (1890) focused on the filth, disease, and misery of tenements and the greed of the slum lords in NYC deeply affected Roosevelt David G. Phillips “The Treason of the Senate” (1906) contended that 75 of the 90 senators were controlled by the trusts Upton Sinclair The Jungle, 1906 unsafe labor conditions in Chicago meatpacking industry revealed the foul conditions of the food industry Thorstein Veblen “Theory of the Leisure Class” (1899) criticized “conspicuous consumption” and the rich The Muckrakers

10. Progressives tried to make government more responsible to the people Fightin’ Bob La Follette (WI) tried to fuse educated experts and government regulation Hiram Johnson brought more direct democracy to California Democratic Reform Australian (secret) ballot – late 1880s Initiative: bills introduced by citizens Referendum: citizens may overturn bills passed by the state legislature Recall: citizens may recall officials from office open primary: replaced caucus elections 17th Amendment: direct election of senators 19th Amendment: women’s suffrage Efficiency in Government centralized decision-making reduced graft/corruption merit over patronage Business Regulation trust busting end of laissez faire conservation Social Justice settlement houses child labor laws improved working conditions progressive income tax (16th Amendment) Prohibition (18th Amendment) women’s rights (Muller v. Oregon, 1908) Progressive Reform

11. 1904 Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909 476 Theodore ‘Teddy’ Roosevelt • trust-buster (44 lawsuits) • progressive Republican from NY who took reform to a whole new level • created cabinet-level labor advisor Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902 • 140,000 coal miners struck for a 9-hour day and 20% raise • mine owners tried to use the cold to get the public on their side • TR threatened to seize the mines with federal troops • workers got 9-hour day and 10% raise Roosevelt Panic, 1907 • short, intense depression at Wall Street • business blamed TR’s reforms • shortage of cashflow a major problem • the Adlritch-Vreeland Act allowed banks to print emergency currency Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1906 • SF school district tried to put Japanese in separate schools • T.R. convinced school board to drop policy • Japanese unofficially limited immigration to U.S.

12. Control the Trust Northern Securities decision Roosevelt broke up J.P. Morgan’s attempt to corner the railroad market in the northwest Supreme Court backed Roosevelt powerful men became his enemies Elkins Act, 1903 punished both issuers and receivers of railroad rebates Standard Oil fined $29 million for 1,426 violations but the courts overturned them Hepburn Act, 1906 expanded ICC jurisdiction to all train cars not just freight cars restricted free tickets from the railroads to politicians and newspapermen Consumer Protection Meat Inspection Act, 1906 required all meat that crossed state lines to be federally inspected Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 required all foods and pharmaceuticals to be labeled correctly Conservation Forest Reserve Act, 1891 gave the president the authority to set aside public forests as national forests or reserves Newlands Act, 1902 sold public lands to fund irrigation projects for poor farmers in the Midwest Roosevelt Dam in AZ “When I say I believe in a square deal I do not mean . . . to give every man the best hand. If the cards do not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing.” —Theodore Roosevelt, 1905 Roosevelt’s 3 Cs

13. 1908 William H. Taft1909-1913 483 William H. Taft • Taft was TR’s hand-picked successor • commissioner of the Philippines • Supreme Court justice after his presidency • “busted” over 80 trusts in 4 years Payne-Aldritch Tariff, 1909 • House set tariff at 32% • Senate added 847 amendments which set it at 40.8% • TR criticized him for signing it into law Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, 1909 • Sec. of Interior Ballinger (Taft guy) leased forest reserves to large companies • Pinchot (TR) criticized him and was fired • rift grew between Taft and TR Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911 • 146 women killed in NY fire • trapped inside locked room • led to more legislation on working conditions and hours in NY John Dewey • encouraged “creative intelligence” • schools are vehicles for “social progress and reform”

14. 1912 Election of 1912 531 Election of 1912 • Republicans narrowly blocked Roosevelt’s nomination at the national convention • TR formed a Progressive third party • called the Bull Moose after TR was shot but gave a speech anyway • election became battle between TR and Wilson • only election when a third-party candidate got second and a major party got third • deeply divided the Republican Party • it became much more conservative as a result and the Democrats will become the party of reform New Nationalism (TR) • based on the Wisconsin Idea (LaFollette) • more progressive reforms but with limited regulation of business New Freedom (Wilson) • banking and currency reform • tariff revision • stronger antitrust regulation • emphasis on small businesses

15. grandfather clause exempted poor whites from Jim Crow laws only 5% of blacks voted Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 segregated trains in LA led to “separate but equal” public facilities led to separate schools until 1957 Ida B. Wells launched public criticism of lynching that became an international movement organized a black women’s club to lead social reforms in the South W.E.B. DuBois first black PhD in America supported immediate equality of the top 10% of the black community ‘double consciousness’ Niagara Movement, 1905 protested exclusion of blacks from unions, voting, and public places had to meet in Canada to avoid discrimination NAACP, 1909 focused on legal and economics barriers to equality Black Rights

16. 1916 Woodrow Wilson1913-1921 531 “He kept us out of war!” Woodrow Wilson • first southern president elected since Taylor (1848) • former president of Princeton University • appointed first Jewish member of the Supreme Court, Louis Brandeis • views on race questioned today • championed national progressive reform but stood up for states’ rights Seaman’s Act, 1915 • protected basic wages and working conditions for sailors Jones Act, 1916 • granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1916 • granted assistance to civil service workers during times of disability National Consumers’ League, 1898 • Manufacturers who met safety standards could display a white label on food and clothing National Board of Censorship, 1909 • board reviewed movies to make sure they upheld middle-class values

17. Trusts Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914 closed loopholes in Sherman Anti-Trust Act unions and farm coops exempted Gompers called it the Magna Carta of labor Federal Trade Commission, 1914 regulated companies that did interstate business Keating-Owen Act, 1916 banned goods produced from child labor from crossing state borders Adamson Act, 1916 est. 8-hour workday and overtime pay for railroad workers Tariff Underwood Tariff, 1913 lowered rate from 40.8% to 27% 1st real drop since Civil War 16th Amendment introduced graduated “progressive” income tax Banks Pujo Committee, 1911 congressional committee investigated banks found trusts controlled by Morgan and Rockefeller were on 341 boards of directors and controlled over $22 billion Federal Reserve Act, 1913 federal reserve board created to determine amount of currency in circulation required banks to keep some of their deposits in a federal reserve “This is not a day of triumph; it is a day of dedication. Here muster not the forces of party, but the forces of humanity . . . I summon all honest men, all patriotic, all forward-looking men, to my side. God helping me, I will not fail them, if they will but counsel and sustain me!” —Woodrow Wilson, Inaugural Address, 1913 Triple Wall of Privilege

18. Jane Addams est. Hull House in Chicago in 1889 settlement house to help immigrants adjust to America offered counseling and education these houses became centers for women's activism won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 Florence Kelly worked with Addams investigated sweatshops and factories pushed legislation in IL that banned child labor and reduced working hours for women Muller v. Oregon, 1908 Upheld Oregon law limiting women working ten hours a day Carrie Chapman Catt argued that women needed to vote to discharge their duty as moral instructors est. League of Women Voters in 1920 Francis E. Willard led WCTU from 1878-1897 encouraged women to participate in every kind of reform Charlotte Perkins Gilman leading feminist intellectual in 1890s economic equality for women would lead to political and social equality state-run day-cares Margaret Sanger advocated birth control clinics Women’s Movement

19. Women’s Rights Timeline

20. Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 naval dominance key to world power naval armsrace in Germany, Japan, Britain and the U.S. Needs of a Modern Empire coaling stations, navy, markets for products Seward’s Folly, 1867 US bought Alaska for $7 million “Big Sister” Policy, 1880s Sec. of State Blaine attitude that U.S. is example for Latin American nations reciprocal tariff reductions to open markets to US trade Open Door Policy, 1899 U.S. feared division of China by Europe and Japan announced new era of equal opportunity in trade territorial integrity of China public sentiment forced the European powers to agree Boxer Rebellion, 1900 “Boxers” killed 200+ Christian missionaries to rid China of foreign influence 18,000 international troops defeated China and forced it to pay $333 million in damages Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. --Rudyard Kipling, 1903 19th Century Imperialism

21. Cuba Revolution, 1895 Spain’s Gen. Weyler sent to stop Cuban inserrectos led by Jose Marti many Americans sympathized with the Cubans Yellow Journalism lurid, exaggerated news stories intended to increase circulation jingoists wanted war with Spain to “protect” American honor Dupuy de Lome Hearst published the Spanish minister’s stolen letter in 1898 said McKinley “"lacked faith” U.S.S. Maine, 1898 sent to protect Americans in Cuba 260 Americans died in explosion spontaneous combustion Teller Amendment, 1898 US promised it would not annex Cuba Manila Bay Adm. Dewey took the Philippines at Manila Bay Rough Riders TR stepped down from Dept. of Navy to lead a regiment of cowboys, polo players, Indians, and ex-convicts they stormed San Juan Hill without their horses Treaty of Paris, 1898 the war lasted 16 weeks 250 killed in combat, 2500 by disease U.S. paid $20 million for Philippines ($3 a head) Spain lost Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba Platt Amendment, 1901 est. naval base at Guantanamo Cuba could only sign treaties with US You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war.” --William Randolph Hearst Spanish-American War, 1898

22. Hawaii, 1898 US allowed trade and a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887 American sugar planters pushed for annexation after the McKinley Tariff revolution and annexation in 1898 Queen Liliukalani died in captivity Great White Fleet, 1907 T.R. commissioned 16 new steel battleships sent them from Virginia on a world tour so the world could see U.S. naval might fleet was greeted enthusiastically even in Japan Philippines, 1898-1947 Taft appointed governor Americans developed sugar industry, roads, and sanitation Emilio Aguinaldo guerilla backed by U.S. to overthrow the Spanish 600,000 killed in “benevolent assimilation” fighting continued until 1935 by 1902, 4300 Americans died, 1 in 5 Filipinos died Insular Cases Federal courts had to decide whether the Constitution extended to territories like the Philippines Anti-Imperialist League opposed the war because it betrayed spirit of democracy some because of racism some because of self-determination Gompers, Carnegie, DuBois, and Twain America in the Pacific